SARS-CoV-2 has affected people from all age groups, races and ethnicities. Given that many infected individuals are asymptomatic, they transmit the disease to others unknowingly, which has resulted in the spread of infection at an alarming rate. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, preventive measures to reduce the disease spread, therapies currently in use, an update on vaccine development and opportunities for vaccine delivery. The World Health Organization has advised several precautions including social distancing, hand washing and the use of PPE including gloves and face masks for minimizing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. At present, several antiviral therapies previously approved for other infections are being repositioned to study their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, some medicines (i.e., remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine) have received emergency use authorisation from the FDA. Plasma therapy has also been authorised for emergency use for the treatment of COVID-19 on a smaller scale. However, no vaccine has been approved so far against this virus. Nevertheless, several potential vaccine targets have been reported, and development of different types of vaccines including DNA, mRNA, viral vector, inactivated, subunit and vaccine-like particles is in process. It is concluded that a suitable candidate delivered through an advanced drug delivery approach would effectively boost the immune system against this coronavirus.

中文翻译：

---

COVID-19：药物输送和治疗的当前发展和进一步的机会

SARS-CoV-2感染了各个年龄段，种族和族裔的人。鉴于许多感染者无症状，他们不知不觉地将疾病传播给其他人，这导致感染的传播速度惊人。这篇综述旨在提供病理生理学概述，减少疾病传播的预防措施，当前正在使用的疗法，疫苗开发的最新进展以及疫苗运送的机会。世界卫生组织已建议采取几种预防措施，包括远离社会，洗手和使用个人防护设备，包括手套和口罩，以最大程度地减少SARS-CoV-2感染的传播。目前，正在重新定位先前已批准用于其他感染的几种抗病毒疗法，以研究其抗SARS-CoV-2的功效。此外，某些药物（例如，remdesivir，氯喹，羟基氯喹已获得FDA紧急使用授权。血浆疗法也已被授权紧急用于小规模治疗COVID-19。但是，到目前为止，尚未批准针对这种病毒的疫苗。然而，已经报道了几种潜在的疫苗靶标，并且正在开发包括DNA，mRNA，病毒载体，灭活的，亚基和疫苗样颗粒的不同类型的疫苗。结论是，通过先进的药物递送方法递送的合适候选物将有效增强针对该冠状病毒的免疫系统。迄今为止，尚未批准针对这种病毒的疫苗。然而，已经报道了几种潜在的疫苗靶标，并且正在开发包括DNA，mRNA，病毒载体，灭活的，亚基和疫苗样颗粒的不同类型的疫苗。结论是，通过先进的药物递送方法递送的合适候选物将有效增强针对该冠状病毒的免疫系统。迄今为止，尚未批准针对这种病毒的疫苗。然而，已经报道了几种潜在的疫苗靶标，并且正在开发包括DNA，mRNA，病毒载体，灭活的，亚基和疫苗样颗粒的不同类型的疫苗。结论是，通过先进的药物递送方法递送的合适候选物将有效增强针对该冠状病毒的免疫系统。