The evolutionary and behavioural ecology of migratory birds has received much theoretical and empirical attention. We contribute to this field by contrasting the weather at departure and stopover durations of a long‐distance migratory sandpiper prior to initiating lengthy transoceanic vs. transcontinental flights of potentially variable duration. Transoceanic flights provide few if any stopover options. We predicted that transoceanic migrants should therefore be more selective of energetically favourable weather at departure and have longer stopover durations prior to departing, using time as a surrogate for cumulative fuel acquisition, compared with transcontinental migrants. We used recent advances in capture–recapture modelling to quantify how weather conditions, length of stay, including estimated residence time prior to capture, and age class correlated with daily departure probabilities of Semipalmated Sandpipers Calidris pusilla at a coastal and an inland stopover site at comparable latitude. As expected, departure probabilities from both sites were higher with increasing strength of tailwinds, and the strength of this effect was larger for birds facing transoceanic vs. transcontinental flights. Cloud cover and temperature conditions at departure converged between sites at intermediate values from different background distributions. Stopover durations at both sites were substantially longer than needed if the birds were pursuing a simple tactic of arrive–fatten–leave at the stopover site. We infer that both sites provided high levels of both food and safety relative to other stages in the birds’ annual cycle, favouring lengthy stopovers and subsequent use of lengthy flights from both sites. Our study shows that recent advances of capture–recapture models can provide additional resolution to studies of the migration strategies of birds and refine our perspective on global patterns of migration routes and stopover decisions.

中文翻译：

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不仅仅是加油：长时间的中途停留以及sand鸟在越洋和越洋航班之前的出发天气选择

候鸟的进化生态学和行为生态学受到了许多理论和经验的关注。我们通过对比长距离迁徙sand的起飞和中途停留时间，然后开始可能变化持续时间的远洋飞行和跨大陆飞行，来为这一领域做出贡献。越洋航班几乎没有中途停留的选择。我们预测，与跨大陆移民相比，跨洋移民在出发时应该更加选择能量上有利的天气，并且在出发前应有更长的中途停留时间，以时间作为累积燃料的替代物。我们利用捕获-捕获模型的最新进展来量化天气条件，停留时间（包括捕获之前的预计停留时间）的方式，卡利德里斯·普斯利亚在相对纬度的沿海和内陆中转站。不出所料，随着顺风强度的增加，从这两个地点起飞的概率也更高，而面对越洋和横越大陆的鸟类，这种影响的强度更大。出发点的云量和温度条件在站点之间收敛，处于来自不同背景分布的中间值。如果鸟类采用简单的到达-致死-离开停留地点的策略，则在两个地点的停留时间将大大超过所需的停留时间。我们推断，相对于鸟类年度周期中的其他阶段，两个站点都提供了高水平的食品和安全性，这有利于较长的中途停留以及随后使用从两个站点进行的长时间飞行。