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Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming
Conservation Biology ( IF 6.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-21 , DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13648
Elie Gaget 1 , Diego Pavón-Jordán 2 , Alison Johnston 3, 4 , Aleksi Lehikoinen 5 , Wesley M Hochachka 3 , Brett K Sandercock 2 , Alaaeldin Soultan 6 , Hichem Azafzaf 7 , Nadjiba Bendjedda 8 , Taulant Bino 9 , Luka Božič 10 , Preben Clausen 11 , Mohamed Dakki 12 , Koen Devos 13 , Cristi Domsa 14 , Vitor Encarnação 15 , Kiraz Erciyas-Yavuz 16 , Sándor Faragó 17 , Teresa Frost 18 , Clemence Gaudard 19 , Lívia Gosztonyi 17 , Fredrik Haas 20 , Menno Hornman 21 , Tom Langendoen 22 , Christina Ieronymidou 23 , Vasiliy A Kostyushin 24 , Lesley J Lewis 25 , Svein-Håkon Lorentsen 2 , Leho Luigujõe 26 , Włodzimierz Meissner 27 , Tibor Mikuska 28 , Blas Molina 29 , Zuzana Musilová 30 , Viktor Natykanets 31 , Jean-Yves Paquet 32 , Nicky Petkov 33 , Danae Portolou 34 , Jozef Ridzoň 35 , Samir Sayoud 8 , Marko Šćiban 36 , Laimonas Sniauksta 37 , Antra Stīpniece 38 , Nicolas Strebel 39 , Norbert Teufelbauer 40 , Goran Topić 41 , Danka Uzunova 42 , Andrej Vizi 43 , Johannes Wahl 44 , Marco Zenatello 45 , Jon E Brommer 1
Affiliation  

Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species show a so-called climatic debt, where shifts in range have lagged behind faster shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extinction rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extinction processes is important to inform conservation strategies, aiming for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. Here, we assess the colonization-extinction dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate, inside and outside PAs, for changes in the occurrence of non-breeding waterbird species in the Western-Palearctic over 25 years (97 species, 7,071 sites, 39 countries, 1993-2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate the species turn-over induced by temperature increase. In addition, we measured whether the thermal community adjustment was led by colonization by warm-dwelling species and/or extinction of cold-dwelling species, by modelling the change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTIsd ). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities within PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change compared to unprotected sites. Combining the CTI and CTIsd , we found that communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extinction and the climatic debt was 16% lower than of sites outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest the importance of PAs to facilitate two independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was however not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the strong temperature increase in central and northeastern Western-Palearctic regions. Our study underlines the potential of the combined CTI and CTIsd metrics to understand the colonization-extinction patterns driven by climate warming. Article impact statement: Protected areas are needed to facilitate waterbird distribution change in response to climate warming in the Western Palearctic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译:

气候变暖下保护区对非繁殖水鸟调整分布的益处

气候变暖正在推动物种分布和群落组成的变化。许多物种表现出所谓的气候债务,即范围的变化落后于温度等倾线的更快变化。在保护区 (PA) 内,温暖栖息物种的更大定植率可以促进响应气候变暖的社区变化,但也可以通过降低寒冷栖息物种的灭绝率来缓解。评估殖民灭绝过程的相对重要性对于为保护战略提供信息非常重要,旨在减少气候债务和物种保护。在这里,我们评估了响应气候、保护区内外的社区变化所涉及的殖民灭绝动态,25 年来在西古北极地区非繁殖性水鸟物种发生的变化(97 种,7,071 个地点,39 个国家,1993-2017 年)。我们使用基于物种热亲和力的群落温度指数 (CTI) 框架来研究温度升高引起的物种转换。此外,我们通过对 CTI (CTId) 标准偏差的变化进行建模,测量了热群落调整是否是由暖栖物种的定殖和/或冷栖物种的灭绝导致的。使用线性混合效应模型,我们调查了与未受保护的地点相比,保护区内的社区是否具有较低的气候债务和不同的社区变化模式。结合 CTI 和 CTIsd ,我们发现保护区内的群落物种更多,定植率更高,灭绝率较低,气候债务比保护区以外的地点低 16%。因此,我们的结果表明 PA 对促进塑造社区动态和维持生物多样性的两个独立过程的重要性。然而,社区调整的速度不够快,无法跟上西古北区中部和东北部的强劲气温上升。我们的研究强调了结合 CTI 和 CTIsd 指标的潜力,以了解气候变暖驱动的殖民灭绝模式。文章影响声明:需要保护区来促进水鸟分布的变化,以应对西古北地区的气候变暖。本文受版权保护。版权所有。我们的结果表明 PA 对促进塑造社区动态和维持生物多样性的两个独立过程的重要性。然而,社区调整的速度不够快,无法跟上西古北区中部和东北部的强劲气温上升。我们的研究强调了结合 CTI 和 CTIsd 指标的潜力,以了解气候变暖驱动的殖民灭绝模式。文章影响声明:需要保护区来促进水鸟分布变化以应对西古北地区的气候变暖。本文受版权保护。版权所有。我们的结果表明 PA 对促进塑造社区动态和维持生物多样性的两个独立过程的重要性。然而,社区调整的速度不够快,无法跟上西古北区中部和东北部的强劲气温上升。我们的研究强调了结合 CTI 和 CTIsd 指标的潜力,以了解气候变暖驱动的殖民灭绝模式。文章影响声明:需要保护区来促进水鸟分布的变化,以应对西古北地区的气候变暖。本文受版权保护。版权所有。然而,社区调整的速度不够快,无法跟上西古北区中部和东北部的强劲气温上升。我们的研究强调了结合 CTI 和 CTIsd 指标的潜力,以了解气候变暖驱动的殖民灭绝模式。文章影响声明:需要保护区来促进水鸟分布的变化,以应对西古北地区的气候变暖。本文受版权保护。版权所有。然而,社区调整的速度不够快,无法跟上西古北区中部和东北部的强劲气温上升。我们的研究强调了结合 CTI 和 CTIsd 指标的潜力,以了解气候变暖驱动的殖民灭绝模式。文章影响声明:需要保护区来促进水鸟分布的变化,以应对西古北地区的气候变暖。本文受版权保护。版权所有。需要保护区来促进水鸟分布的变化,以应对西古北地区的气候变暖。本文受版权保护。版权所有。需要保护区来促进水鸟分布的变化,以应对西古北地区的气候变暖。本文受版权保护。版权所有。
更新日期:2021-01-21
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