Dissemination and replication of viruses into hosts is a multistep process where viral particles infect, navigate, and indoctrinate various cell types. Viruses can reach tissues that are distant from their infection site by subverting subcellular mechanisms in ways that are, sometimes, disruptive. Modeling these steps, at appropriate resolution and within animal models, is cumbersome. Yet, mimicking these strategies in vitro fails to recapitulate the complexity of the cellular ecosystem. Here, we will discuss relevant in vivo platforms to dissect the cellular and molecular programs governing viral dissemination and briefly discuss organoid and ex vivo alternatives. We will focus on the zebrafish model and will describe how it provides a transparent window to unravel new cellular mechanisms of viral dissemination in vivo.

病毒向宿主的传播和复制是一个多步骤的过程，其中病毒颗粒感染、导航和灌输各种细胞类型。病毒可以通过有时具有破坏性的方式破坏亚细胞机制，从而到达远离感染部位的组织。在适当的分辨率下并在动物模型中对这些步骤进行建模是很麻烦的。然而，在体外模仿这些策略无法概括细胞生态系统的复杂性。在这里，我们将讨论相关的体内平台，以剖析控制病毒传播的细胞和分子程序，并简要讨论类器官和离体备择方案。我们将专注于斑马鱼模型，并将描述它如何提供一个透明的窗口来解开体内病毒传播的新细胞机制。