Phase separation is the basis for the formation of membrane-less organelles in cells and is involved in many biological processes. Many biological macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, exert their biological functions by forming phase-separated condensates, and phase separation is closely related to various human diseases. Gene transcriptional regulation is an indispensable part of gene expression and normal function in cells. Its abnormal regulation often causes the occurrence of different diseases. In recent years, the occurrence of phase separation during transcriptional regulation has become an area of intense research. This review summarizes the process of phase separation involved in heterochromatin formation and chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional regulation. It provides a reference for understanding gene regulation during cell identity and disease development.

相分离是细胞中无膜细胞器形成的基础，并且涉及许多生物学过程。许多生物大分子（例如蛋白质和核酸）通过形成相分离的缩合物发挥其生物学功能，而相分离与各种人类疾病密切相关。基因转录调控是细胞中基因表达和正常功能必不可少的部分。其异常调节常引起不同疾病的发生。近年来，转录调控过程中相分离的发生已成为研究的热点。这篇综述总结了涉及异染色质形成和染色质重塑，转录调控和转录后调控的相分离过程。