The future of tropical forest biodiversity will largely depend on human-modified landscapes. We investigated how medium- to large-bodied mammals respond to factors at local (habitat type), intermediate (land use heterogeneity, forest cover and human population density) and large spatial scales (overall forest cover) in agroforestry landscapes. We surveyed mammals using camera traps in traditional cacao agroforests (cabrucas), intensified cacao agroforests, and forest remnants within two large Atlantic Forest landscapes of southern Bahia, Brazil, representing both high and low forest cover. At the local scale, habitat types differed in their potential to harbour mammal species, with forest remnants and cabrucas showing high conservation value, mainly under contexts of high forest cover, whereas intensified cacao agroforests contained less diversified species assemblages in both landscapes. At intermediate scales, species richness increased with increasing forest cover around forest remnants and intensified cacao agroforests, but the opposite was observed in cabrucas. The effects of human population density were ubiquitous but species-dependent. At the largest scale, species richness was higher in the most forested landscape, highlighting the imperative of maintaining forest remnants to retain forest-dwelling mammals in human-dominated landscapes. We claim that mammal conservation strategies require a multi-scale approach and that no single strategy is likely to maximize persistence of all species. Some species can routinely use traditional agroforests, and a large fraction of mammal diversity can be maintained even if high canopy-cover agroforestry dominates the landscape. Nevertheless, forest patches and highly forested landscapes are essential to ensure the persistence of forest-dwelling and game species.

热带森林生物多样性的未来将在很大程度上取决于人为改变的景观。我们调查了中型到大型的哺乳动物如何对农林业景观中的局部（栖息地类型），中间（土地利用异质性，森林覆盖率和人口密度）和大空间尺度（总体森林覆盖率）的因素做出反应。我们使用相机陷阱对哺乳动物进行了调查，这些陷阱位于巴西巴伊亚州南部两个大型大西洋森林景观中的传统可可农林（cabrucas），强化的可可农林和森林残留物中，代表了高低森林覆盖率。在当地范围内，栖息地类型在容纳哺乳动物物种，森林残留物和caburcass方面具有不同的潜力表现出较高的保护价值，主要是在森林覆盖率高的情况下，而在两种景观中，集约化的可可农林的集约化物种集合较少。在中等规模上，物种丰富度随着森林残留物周围的森林覆盖率的增加和可可农林的集约化而增加，但在卡布鲁卡斯却相反。人口密度的影响无处不在，但与物种有关。在最大的规模上，森林最茂密的地区物种丰富度更高，这突出了保持森林残余物以将森林栖居的哺乳动物保留在人类主导的景观中的必要性。我们声称，哺乳动物的保护策略需要采取多尺度的方法，而且没有任何一种策略可能会最大化所有物种的持久性。一些物种可以例行使用传统的农林，即使高盖的农林占主导地位，也可以维持很大一部分哺乳动物的多样性。然而，森林斑块和森林茂密的景观对于确保森林居住和野味物种的持久性至关重要。