Natural and anthropogenic forces on Earth create changes in biophysical characteristics of landscapes in the forms of modifications or transformations. Since landscapes are composed of spatially configured patches of different land cover types, changes in the pattern composition and configuration may be used as indicators for identifying environmental trends and their underlying causes. To this end, pattern indices hold a strong potential to conceptualize landscape structure in many different ways. This study aims to analyse landscape changes in an urbanized coastal landscape in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey using pattern indices as development indicators. For this purpose, the spatial distribution of built-up areas was extracted for the years 1989, 1995, 2001, 2007 and 2019 using geo-referenced SPOT and Sentinel images. Eight landscape structure indices were calculated to demonstrate spatial and temporal diversity of area/edge, shape and aggregation characteristics of built-up patches. These indices are (1) class area (CA), (2) percentage of landscape (PL), (3) largest patch index (LPI), (4) edge density, (5) perimeter-area ratio (PARA), (6) fractal dimension (FRAC), (7) related circumscribing circle (RCC) and (8) percentage of like-adjacencies (PLADJ). The study area was divided into 215 grid-units to represent spatial diversity of development. The aforementioned indices were calculated separately for each of the units. The spatial distribution of built-up areas was also associated with land capability to assess land degradation trends. Results showed that much of the development occurred on Class I and II lands that are in fact prime agricultural areas. Results also suggest that the structure of building patches and the way that it changes vary between the coast and inland.

地球上的自然和人为力量会以修改或转化的形式改变景观的生物物理特征。由于景观由不同土地覆盖类型的空间配置斑块组成，因此图案组成和配置的变化可以用作识别环境趋势及其潜在原因的指标。为此，格局指数具有以多种不同方式概念化景观结构的强大潜力。这项研究旨在使用模式指数作为发展指标来分析土耳其东部地中海地区城市化沿海景观中的景观变化。为此，使用地理参考的SPOT和Sentinel图像提取了1989、1995、2001、2007和2019年建成区的空间分布。计算了八个景观结构指数，以证明建成区的面积/边缘，形状和聚集特征的时空多样性。这些指数是（1）类别面积（CA），（2）景观百分比（PL），（3）最大斑块指数（LPI），（4）边缘密度，（5）周边面积比（PARA），（ 6）分形维数（FRAC），（7）相关外接圆（RCC）和（8）相似邻接百分比（PLADJ）。研究区域分为215个网格单元，以代表发展的空间多样性。针对每个单元分别计算上述指数。建成区的空间分布还与评估土地退化趋势的土地能力有关。结果表明，大部分开发发生在实际上是主要农业地区的I级和II级土地上。