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Exine morphometric analysis as a new tool for Citrus species identification: a case study from Oplontis (Vesuvius area, Italy)
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-30 , DOI: 10.1007/s00334-020-00771-5
Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga , Elda Russo Ermolli , Bruno Menale , Stefano Vitale

In the Mediterranean area, the occurrence of citrus plants in ancient times is clearly attested in Sardinia and along the southern Tyrrhenian coasts through the presence of pollen grains and organic residues dating back to the sixth century bc. The presence of Citrus pollen was also detected in soil sediments from Pompeii (ad 79), in marine sediments from the ancient harbour of Naples (first century ad), in Rome (27 bcad 14) as well as in a garden soil at the Villa di Poppea in Oplontis (first century bc). The first citrus tree to be identified was citron (Citrus medica L.), but even if the presence of other citrus species was supposed, identification was limited by the difficulty of discriminating the exine characteristics through optical microscopy. Exine micromorphology of eight citrus species, including primitive to cultivated, was studied by SEM and optical microscope observations. By means of the image analysis method, the morphometry of lumina and brochi was evaluated. Results indicate that the size of lumina and brochi increases from primitive, wild to cultivated citrus up to lemon. In addition, there is an overall correspondence between brochi dimension and hybridization history. The morphometric analysis on modern pollen material and comparison with the fossil grains found at Oplontis allowed attesting for the first time the presence of C. limon and C. reticulata in the Roman Age. The statistical methods used for the analysis of exine ornamentations proved to be a useful tool for interpreting the complex citrus hybridization history and for shedding light on the scenario of citrus fruits introduction in the Roman period.



中文翻译:

Exine形态计量分析作为柑橘属物种鉴定的新工具:以Oplontis(意大利维苏威地区)为例

在地中海地区,柑橘类植物在远古时期发生在撒丁岛和沿通过花粉和有机残留物可以追溯到公元六世纪的存在南部海岸伊特鲁里亚显然证明BC。的存在柑橘在土壤沉积物中也检测到花粉庞贝广告79),海洋沉积物从那不勒斯(一世纪的古老的海港广告),罗马(27 BC -广告14),以及在花园的土壤在该别墅迪PoppeaOplontis(世纪BC)。首先要鉴定的柑橘树是香tron(Citrus medica L.),但即使假定存在其他柑橘种类,也难以通过光学显微镜区分外在特征来限制鉴定。通过扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察,研究了八个柑橘种的外来微观形态,包括原始的到栽培的柑橘。由图像分析方法的装置,的形态管腔brochi进行评价。结果表明,从原始的,野生的到栽培的柑橘,直至柠檬,管腔支气管的大小都会增加。另外,brochi之间有整体对应尺寸和杂交历史。对现代花粉材料的形态计量学分析以及与在Oplontis上发现的化石颗粒的比较,首次证明了罗马时代柠檬柠檬假单胞菌网纹柠檬假单胞菌的存在。事实证明,用于分析外在点缀的统计方法是解释复杂的柑橘杂交历史并阐明罗马时期引入柑橘类水果的有用工具。

更新日期:2020-01-30
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