It has been suggested that conditioned food aversion (CFA) could be a potential non-lethal intervention by which to deter attacks on livestock by large carnivores. CFA occurs when an animal associates the characteristics of a food with an illness, thus rejecting that food in subsequent encounters. CFA can be associated with an artificial odour during conditioning. Despite the debate surrounding the use of this intervention, more studies evaluating the effectiveness of CFA are necessary. We experimentally evaluated the potential of microgranulated levamisole + a vanilla odour cue to induce CFA in captive Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus). Four out of the five wolves treated showed an aversion to the meat for a minimum of one month after conditioning. The microgranulated presentation masked the flavour and smell of the levamisole but increased its volume, which may have facilitated its detection by the wolves. We also observed that the strength of the odour played an important role in the aversion extinction. The use of microgranulated levamisole + an odour cue has the potential to be used as an intervention by which to induce aversive conditioning in wolves in the wild, although rigorous field tests are required. We discuss the potential of CFA to deter attacks on livestock by large carnivores.

中文翻译：

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狼的条件厌恶的有效性：来自实验测试的见解

有人提出，条件性食物厌恶 (CFA) 可能是一种潜在的非致命干预措施，可用来阻止大型食肉动物对牲畜的攻击。当动物将食物的特征与疾病联系起来，从而在随后的遭遇中拒绝该食物时，就会发生 CFA。CFA 可能会在调理过程中产生人造气味。尽管围绕这种干预的使用存在争议，但仍有必要进行更多评估 CFA 有效性的研究。我们通过实验评估了微粒化左旋咪唑 + 一种香草气味提示在圈养伊比利亚狼（Canis lupus signatus）中诱导 CFA 的潜力。接受治疗的五只狼中有四只在调理后至少一个月内表现出对肉的厌恶。微粒的表现掩盖了左旋咪唑的味道和气味，但增加了它的体积，这可能有助于狼发现它。我们还观察到气味的强度在厌恶消退中发挥了重要作用。尽管需要严格的现场测试，但微颗粒左旋咪唑 + 气味提示的使用有可能被用作一种干预措施，通过该干预措施诱导野生狼的厌恶条件。我们讨论了 CFA 阻止大型食肉动物攻击牲畜的潜力。尽管需要严格的现场测试，但微颗粒左旋咪唑 + 气味提示的使用有可能被用作一种干预措施，通过该干预措施诱导野生狼的厌恶条件。我们讨论了 CFA 阻止大型食肉动物攻击牲畜的潜力。尽管需要严格的现场测试，但微颗粒左旋咪唑 + 气味提示的使用有可能被用作一种干预措施，通过该干预措施诱导野生狼的厌恶条件。我们讨论了 CFA 阻止大型食肉动物攻击牲畜的潜力。