This study aims to assess the environmental impacts of conventional and organic rice cultivations and proposes a sustainable conceptual framework of rice farming based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. A cradle-to-gate LCA was performed by using the ReCiPe 2016 method and SimaPro 8.5 software. The functional unit was one ton of rice grains harvested. Primary data were obtained from the farmer, while secondary data were collected from Ecoinvent 3.0, the Agri Footprint 3.0 database and the literature. The total characterization factors for global warming potential (GWP), water consumption potential (WCP) and fossil fuel depletion potential (FFP) were 457.89 kg CO2-eq, 98.18 m3 and 84.56 kg oil-eq, respectively, at the midpoint level for conventional rice, while the impacts for organic rice were 140.55 kg CO2-eq, 29.45 m3 and 22.25 kg oil-eq, respectively. At the endpoint level, the total characterization factors for human health damage (HH), ecosystem damage (ED) and resource availability (RA) for conventional rice were 9.63 × 10−4 DALY, 5.54 × 10−6 species.year and 30.98 Dollar, respectively, while for organic rice, the impacts were 2.60 × 10−4 DALY, 2.28 × 10−6 species.year and 8.44 Dollar, respectively. Rice cultivation impacted the environment, particularly in relation to three impact categories: GWP, WCP and FFP. The cultivation phase of rice production was the main contributor to environmental impacts due to the production and application of fertilizer and pesticides. It can be concluded that the application of LCA in agricultural sector is able to provide information and responses for policy makers in understanding the potential environmental impacts at various spatial levels.

中文翻译：

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基于 LCA 的水稻生产环境绩效，以在马来西亚发展可持续的农业食品系统

本研究旨在评估传统和有机水稻种植对环境的影响，并基于生命周期评估 (LCA) 方法提出了一个可持续的水稻种植概念框架。使用 ReCiPe 2016 方法和 SimaPro 8.5 软件进行了从摇篮到门的 LCA。功能单位是收获的一吨米粒。主要数据来自农民，而次要数据则来自 Ecoinvent 3.0、农业足迹 3.0 数据库和文献。全球变暖潜能值（GWP）、水资源消耗潜能值（WCP）和化石燃料消耗潜能值（FFP）的总特征因子分别为 457.89 kg CO2-eq、98.18 m3 和 84.56 kg 石油当量，处于常规的中点水平。大米，而对有机大米的影响为 140.55 千克二氧化碳当量、29.45 立方米和 22。分别为 25 kg 油当量。在终点水平，常规水稻的人类健康损害（HH）、生态系统损害（ED）和资源可用性（RA）的总特征因子为 9.63 × 10−4 DALY、5.54 × 10−6 物种·年和 30.98 美元，而对于有机水稻，影响分别为 2.60 × 10−4 DALY、2.28 × 10−6 物种.年和 8.44 美元。水稻种植影响了环境，尤其是在三个影响类别方面：GWP、WCP 和 FFP。由于化肥和农药的生产和应用，水稻生产的种植阶段是造成环境影响的主要因素。