Group living is a common strategy used by fishes to improve their fitness. While sociality is associated with many benefits in natural environments, including predator avoidance, this behaviour may be maladaptive in the Anthropocene. Humans have become the dominant predator in many marine systems, with modern fishing gear developed to specifically target groups of schooling species. Therefore, ironically, behavioural strategies which evolved to avoid non-human predators may now actually make certain fish more vulnerable to predation by humans. Here, we use an individual-based model to explore the evolution of fish schooling behaviour in a range of environments, including natural and human-dominated predation conditions. In our model, individual fish may leave or join groups depending on their group-size preferences, but their experienced group size is also a function of the preferences of others in the population. Our model predicts that industrial fishing selects against individual-level behaviours that produce large groups. However, the relationship between fishing pressure and sociality is nonlinear, and we observe discontinuities and hysteresis as fishing pressure is increased or decreased. Our results suggest that industrial fishing practices could be altering fishes’ tendency to school, and that social behaviour should be added to the list of traits subject to fishery-induced evolution.

中文翻译：

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渔业诱导的选择以对抗海洋鱼类的群居行为

群居是鱼类用来提高身体素质的常见策略。虽然社交与自然环境中的许多好处有关，包括避免捕食者，但这种行为在人类世可能是不适应的。人类已成为许多海洋系统中的主要捕食者，现代渔具的开发专门针对受教育的物种群体。因此，具有讽刺意味的是，为了避免非人类捕食者而进化的行为策略现在实际上可能使某些鱼类更容易受到人类的捕食。在这里，我们使用基于个体的模型来探索各种环境中鱼类群居行为的演变，包括自然和人类主导的捕食条件。在我们的模型中，单个鱼可能会根据它们的组大小偏好离开或加入组，但他们经验丰富的群体规模也是人口中其他人偏好的函数。我们的模型预测，工业捕鱼会选择产生大群体的个人行为。然而，捕鱼压力与社会性之间的关系是非线性的，随着捕鱼压力的增加或减少，我们观察到不连续性和滞后性。我们的研究结果表明，工业捕鱼实践可能会改变鱼类的群居倾向，社会行为应该被添加到受渔业诱导进化影响的特征列表中。随着捕鱼压力的增加或减少，我们观察到不连续性和滞后现象。我们的研究结果表明，工业捕鱼实践可能会改变鱼类的群居倾向，社会行为应该被添加到受渔业诱导进化的特征列表中。随着捕鱼压力的增加或减少，我们观察到不连续性和滞后现象。我们的研究结果表明，工业捕鱼实践可能会改变鱼类的群居倾向，社会行为应该被添加到受渔业诱导进化的特征列表中。