Bees and other beneficial insects experience multiple stressors within agricultural landscapes that act together to impact their health and diminish their ability to deliver the ecosystem services on which human food supplies depend. Disentangling the effects of coupled stressors is a primary challenge for understanding how to promote their populations and ensure robust pollination and other ecosystem services. We used a crossed design to quantify the individual and combined effects of food resource limitation and pesticide exposure on the survival, nesting, and reproduction of the blue orchard bee Osmia lignaria. Nesting females in large flight cages accessed wildflowers at high or low densities, treated with or without the common insecticide, imidacloprid. Pesticides and resource limitation acted additively to dramatically reduce reproduction in free-flying bees. Our results emphasize the importance of considering multiple drivers to inform population persistence, management, and risk assessment for the long-term sustainability of food production and natural ecosystems.

中文翻译：

---

农药和资源压力因素会额外地损害野生蜜蜂的繁殖

蜜蜂和其他有益昆虫在农业景观中面临多重压力，这些压力共同影响它们的健康并削弱它们提供人类食物供应所依赖的生态系统服务的能力。解开耦合压力源的影响是理解如何促进其种群数量和确保强大的授粉和其他生态系统服务的主要挑战。我们使用交叉设计来量化食物资源限制和农药暴露对蓝色果园蜜蜂 Osmia lignaria 的生存、筑巢和繁殖的个体和综合影响。在大型飞行笼中筑巢的雌性以高密度或低密度获取野花，用或不用常用杀虫剂吡虫啉处理。杀虫剂和资源限制的叠加作用显着减少了自由飞翔的蜜蜂的繁殖。我们的结果强调了考虑多种驱动因素的重要性，以便为粮食生产和自然生态系统的长期可持续性提供人口持久性、管理和风险评估信息。