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Size variations in foraminifers from the early Permian to the Late Triassic: implications for the Guadalupian–Lopingian and the Permian–Triassic mass extinctions
Paleobiology ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-30 , DOI: 10.1017/pab.2020.37
Yan Feng , Haijun Song , David P. G. Bond

The final 10 Myr of the Paleozoic saw two of the biggest biological crises in Earth history: the middlePermian extinction (often termed the Guadalupian–Lopingian extinction [GLE]) that was followed 7–8 Myr later by Earth's most catastrophic loss of diversity, the Permian–Triassic mass extinction (PTME). These crises are not only manifest as sharp decreases in biodiversity and—particularly for the PTME—total ecosystem collapse, but they also drove major changes in biological morphological characteristics such as the Lilliput effect. The evolution of test size among different clades of foraminifera during these two extinction events has been less studied. We analyzed a global database of foraminiferal test size (volume) including 20,226 specimens in 464 genera, 98 families, and 9 suborders from 632 publications. Our analyses reveal significant reductions in foraminiferal mean test size across the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary (GLB) and the Permian/Triassic boundary (PTB), from 8.89 to 7.60 log10 μm3 (lg μm3) and from 7.25 to 5.82 lg μm3, respectively. The decline in test size across the GLB is a function of preferential extinction of genera exhibiting gigantism such as fusulinoidean fusulinids. Other clades show little change in size across the GLB. In contrast, all Lopingian suborders in our analysis (Fusulinina, Lagenina, Miliolina, and Textulariina) experienced a significant decrease in test size across the PTB, mainly due to size-biased extinction and within-lineage change. The PTME was clearly a major catastrophe that affected many groups simultaneously, and the GLE was more selective, perhaps hinting at a subtler, less extreme driver than the later PTME.

中文翻译:

从二叠纪早期到三叠纪晚期有孔虫的大小变化:对瓜达卢普-洛平纪和二叠纪-三叠纪大灭绝的影响

古生代的最后 10 Myr 见证了地球历史上最大的两次生物危机:二叠纪中期灭绝(通常称为瓜达卢普-洛平纪灭绝 [GLE]),随后 7-8 Myr 发生了地球上最具灾难性的多样性丧失,即二叠纪-三叠纪大灭绝(PTME)。这些危机不仅表现为生物多样性急剧下降,尤其是对 PTME 而言,整个生态系统崩溃,而且还推动了小人国效应等生物形态特征的重大变化。在这两次灭绝事件期间,有孔虫不同分支之间测试大小的演变研究较少。我们分析了一个全球有孔虫测试大小(体积)数据库,包括来自 632 个出版物的 464 个属、98 个科和 9 个亚目的 20,226 个标本。10微米3(lg 微米3) 和从 7.25 到 5.82 lg μm3, 分别。整个 GLB 测试规模的下降是表现出巨人症的属优先灭绝的函数,例如 fusulinoidean fusulinids。其他进化枝在整个 GLB 的大小上几乎没有变化。相比之下,我们分析中的所有 Lopingian 亚目(Fusulinina、Lagenina、Miliolina 和 Textulariina)在整个 PTB 中都经历了测试大小的显着减少,这主要是由于大小偏向的灭绝和谱系内的变化。PTME 显然是一场同时影响到许多群体的重大灾难,而 GLE 更具选择性,也许暗示了一个比后来的 PTME 更微妙、不那么极端的驱动因素。
更新日期:2020-09-30
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