Antimicrobials are used to support livestock health and productivity, but might pose a risk for the development of antimicrobial resistance; in particular, when multiple livestock species are raised together in production systems. On integrated chicken-fish farms, chickens are raised over fish ponds and poultry faeces is excreted into the ponds. We investigated antimicrobial usage and the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli cultured from poultry faeces on 301 integrated farms in Ayeyarwady Delta of Myanmar. Antimicrobials were used by 92.4% of farmers for chickens, but they were not applied to fish. The most common antimicrobials used were Octamix (amoxicillin and colistin sulfate) on 28.4%, enrofloxacin on 21.0% and amoxicillin on 16% of farms. Overall, 83.1% (152/183) of the E. coli were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The highest level of resistance was to amoxicillin (54.6%), tetracycline (39.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (35.5%) and enrofloxacin (34.4%). Multidrug resistance was identified in 42.4% of isolates. In general, we found similar levels of antimicrobial resistance in non-users of antimicrobials as in users of antimicrobials for more commonly applied antimicrobials. Overall, antimicrobial resistance was lower in chickens on these integrated farms in Myanmar, compared to poultry farms in other countries of South East and East Asia.

抗菌剂用于支持牲畜健康和生产力，但可能会导致产生抗菌素耐药性的风险；尤其是在生产系统中同时饲养多种牲畜时。在鸡-鱼综合养殖场，鸡在鱼塘上饲养，家禽粪便排入鱼塘。我们调查了缅甸伊洛瓦底江三角洲 301 个综合农场的家禽粪便中培养的大肠杆菌的抗生素使用情况和抗生素敏感性。92.4% 的养殖者在养鸡时使用了抗菌剂，但未对鱼使用抗菌剂。最常用的抗菌剂是 Octamix（阿莫西林和硫酸粘菌素），占 28.4%，恩诺沙星占 21.0%，阿莫西林占农场的 16%。总体而言，83.1% (152/183) 的大肠杆菌对至少一种抗生素耐药。耐药性最高的是阿莫西林 (54.6%)、四环素 (39.9%)、磺胺甲恶唑/甲氧苄啶 (35.5%) 和恩诺沙星 (34.4%)。在 42.4% 的分离株中发现了多药耐药性。总的来说，我们发现不使用抗菌药物的用户与使用更常用抗菌药物的抗菌药物用户的抗菌素耐药性水平相似。总体而言，与东南亚和东亚其他国家的家禽养殖场相比，缅甸这些综合养殖场的鸡的抗菌素耐药性较低。