Abstract. Archaeological Dark Earth (ADE) is a layer of anthrosol (syn. anthroposol) visually characterized by dark color mainly due to homogenous charcoal inclusion, and substantial enrichment by nutrients in comparison to surrounding soils. ADE is distributed from the tropics (Amazonian Terra preta, African ADE), moderate climatic zones (European ADE) up to the Arctic (kitchen middens). Although ADE soils have been studied also in other regions of the world, they have no special regional names. All types of ADE developed as a result of deliberate and/or unintentional deposition of domestic/occupational wastes, charred residues, bones, shells, and biomass ashes from prehistoric up to recent times. ADEs have optimum C : N ratio for effective mineralization, stable organic matter content, reduced acidity, higher CEC and C, N, P, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mg, Fe, Sr, and Ba content in comparison to surrounding soils. The unclear remains the level of ADEs enrichment by these elements as enrichment factors for different elements are based on different analytical approaches from plants-available up to total contents in the soil. Although generally highly productive, comparison of herbage production and crop yields between ADEs and natural soils are still rare. The distribution and persistence of anthropogenic activities leading to the formation of ADEs indicate that they are subject to the continual formation.

中文翻译：

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考古黑暗地球土壤的起源，分布和特征–综述

摘要。考古学的黑暗地球（ADE）是一层人烟溶胶（合成人烟碱），其视觉特征为深色，主要是由于均一的木炭包裹，与周围土壤相比，营养物质大量富集。ADE是从热带地区（Amazonian Terra preta，非洲ADE），中等气候区（欧洲ADE）到北极（厨房中部地区）。尽管在世界其他地区也对ADE土壤进行了研究，但它们没有特殊的地区名称。所有类型的ADE都是由于史前至近代蓄意和/或无意地沉积了生活/职业废物，烧焦的残渣，骨头，贝壳和生物质灰而导致的。ADE具有最佳的C：N比，可实现有效矿化，稳定的有机物含量，降低的酸度，更高的CEC和C，与以下相比，N，P，Ca，Mn，Cu，Zn，Mn，Mg，Fe，Sr和Ba的含量更高周围的土壤。尚不清楚这些元素对ADEs的富集程度，因为不同元素的富集因子基于从植物可获得的土壤直至土壤中总含量的不同分析方法。尽管通常生产率高，但是在ADE与天然土壤之间进行的牧草产量和农作物产量的比较仍然很少。导致ADE形成的人为活动的分布和持续性表明，它们不断地形成。