Bioinspired materials engineering impacts the design of advanced functional materials across many domains of sciences from wetting behavior to optical and mechanical materials. In all cases, the advances in understanding how biology uses hierarchical design to create failure and defect-tolerant materials with emergent properties lays the groundwork for engaging into these topics. Biological mechanical materials are particularly inspiring for their unique combinations of stiffness, strength, and toughness together with lightweightness, as assembled and grown in water from a limited set of building blocks at room temperature. Wood, nacre, crustacean cuticles, and spider silk serve as some examples, where the correct arrangement of constituents and balanced molecular energy dissipation mechanisms allows overcoming the shortcomings of the individual components and leads to synergistic materials performance beyond additive behavior. They constitute a paradigm for future structural materials engineering—in the formation process, the use of sustainable building blocks and energy-efficient pathways, as well as in the property profiles—that will in the long term allow for new classes of high-performance and lightweight structural materials needed to promote energy efficiency in mobile technologies.

中文翻译：

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自组装生物启发性纳米复合材料

受生物启发的材料工程影响了从润湿行为到光学和机械材料的许多科学领域的高级功能材料的设计。在所有情况下，对生物学如何利用层次设计来创建具有新兴属性的故障和耐缺陷材料的理解的进步，为参与这些主题奠定了基础。生物机械材料特别具有启发性，因为它们在室温下从有限的一组建筑材料中组装并生长在水中后，将刚度，强度和韧性与轻便性完美结合。木头，珍珠层，甲壳类表皮和蜘蛛丝就是其中的一些例子，其中成分的正确排列和平衡的分子能量耗散机制可以克服单个成分的缺点，并导致除添加剂行为外的协同材料性能。它们构成了未来结构材料工程的范式-在成型过程中，使用可持续的结构单元和节能途径以及在特性曲线中-从长远来看将允许新的高性能和在移动技术中提高能源效率所需的轻质结构材料。