Understanding changes in rainfall at a continental scale can inform adaptation and resilience in all sectors that are sensitive to rainfall. This study examined spatiotemporal changes in annual and seasonal rainfall, extreme and non‐extreme rainfall, and their probability and intensity over the period from 1960 to 2019 across Australia for six rainfall zones (RZs) using high‐quality daily rainfall from 7,593 climate stations. The results revealed statistically significant changes in long‐term rainfall, with an increasing trend in Northern and Central Australia, and a decreasing trend across Southern Australia where the main agricultural areas are located. The cross‐wavelet power spectrum analysis denoted strong coherent resonance cycles in spring–summer or autumn–winter seasons with varying phase differences across six RZs. More specifically, summer rainfall occurred more regularly in the summer‐dominant and arid RZs, whereas winter rainfall became more unreliable in the winter‐ and winter‐dominant RZs. The changes in regional rainfall were characterized by changes in probability and/or intensity of extreme and non‐extreme rainfall revealed through the Spearman Rank correlation. The upward trend in summer‐dominant and arid RZs appears to be a result of increased extreme rainfall intensity and probability, and non‐extreme rainfall probability, especially in summer. The decreased rainfall in the rest of the RZs can be attributed to decreased extreme rainfall probability and non‐extreme rainfall intensity. These results can help decision makers in the agricultural and water resources management sectors identify risks and opportunities, and to devise strategic plans to mitigate droughts through land use planning and construction of infrastructure.

中文翻译：

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描述澳大利亚大陆在1960–2019年的时空降雨变化

了解大陆范围内的降雨变化可以为所有对降雨敏感的部门提供适应性和复原力。本研究使用来自7,593个气候站的高质量日降水量，研究了澳大利亚六个地区（RZs）在1960年至2019年期间的年度和季节性降雨，极端和非极端降雨的时空变化及其概率和强度。结果表明，长期降雨在统计学上有显着变化，北澳大利亚州和中部地区呈上升趋势，而主要农业地区所在的南澳大利亚州呈下降趋势。跨小波功率谱分析表明，在春夏季或秋冬季的旺季中，强相干共振周期在六个RZ上具有不同的相位差。进一步来说，在夏季为主和干旱的RZ区域，夏季降雨更经常发生，而在冬季和冬季为主的RZ区域，冬季降雨变得更加不可靠。通过斯皮尔曼等级相关性揭示的极端和非极端降雨的概率和/或强度的变化来表征区域降雨的变化。夏季占主导地位和干旱地区的上升趋势似乎是极端降雨强度和概率以及非极端降雨概率增加的结果，尤其是在夏季。其余RZ中降雨的减少可归因于极端降雨概率的降低和非极端降雨强度的降低。这些结果可帮助农业和水资源管理部门的决策者识别风险和机遇，