Metabolic engineering (ME) aims to develop efficient microbial cell factories that can produce a wide variety of valuable compounds, ideally at the highest yield and from various feedstocks. We summarize recent developments in ME methods for tailoring different yeast cell factories (YCFs). In particular, we highlight the most timely and cutting-edge molecular tools and strategies for biosynthetic pathway optimization (including genome-editing tools), combinatorial transcriptional and post-transcriptional engineering (cis/trans regulators), dynamic control of metabolic fluxes (e.g., rewiring of primary metabolism), and spatial reconfiguration of metabolic pathways. Finally, we discuss challenges and perspectives for adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of yeast to advance ME of microbial cell factories.

代谢工程 (ME) 旨在开发高效的微生物细胞工厂，以生产各种有价值的化合物，理想情况下以最高产量和各种原料生产。我们总结了用于定制不同酵母细胞工厂 (YCF) 的 ME 方法的最新进展。我们特别强调了生物合成途径优化（包括基因组编辑工具）、组合转录和转录后工程（顺式/反式）的最及时和最前沿的分子工具和策略。调节器）、代谢通量的动态控制（例如，初级代谢的重新布线）和代谢途径的空间重构。最后，我们讨论了酵母适应性实验室进化 (ALE) 以推进微生物细胞工厂 ME 的挑战和前景。