Interest into the health, disease, and performance impact of exogenous ketone bodies has rapidly expanded due to their multifaceted physiological and signaling properties but limiting our understanding is the isolated analyses of individual types and dose/dosing protocols. Thirteen recreational male distance runners (24.8 ± 9.6 years, 72.5 ± 8.3 kg, VO2max 60.1 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min) participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. The first two sessions consisted of a 5-km running time trial familiarization and a VO2max test. During subsequent trials, subjects were randomly assigned to one (KS1: 22.1 g) or two (KS2: 44.2 g) doses of beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) or flavor matched placebo (PLA). Blood R-βHB, glucose, and lactate concentrations were measured at baseline (0-min), post-supplement (30 and 60 min), post-exercise (+ 0 min, + 15 min). Time, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), affect, respiratory exchange ratio, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production, and ventilation were measured during exercise. Cognitive performance was evaluated prior to and post-exercise. KS significantly increased R-βHB, with more potent and prolonged elevations in KS2, illustrating an administrative and dosing effect. R-βHB was significantly decreased in KS1 compared to KS2 illustrating a dosing and exercise interaction effect. Blood glucose elevated post-exercise but was unchanged across groups. Blood lactate significantly increased post-exercise but was augmented by KS administration. Gaseous exchange, respiration, HR, affect, RPE, and exercise performance was unaltered with KS administration. However, clear responders and none-responders were indicated. KS2 significantly augmented cognitive function in pre-exercise conditions, while exercise increased cognitive performance for KS1 and PLA to pre-exercise KS2 levels. Novel βHB + MCT formulation had a dosing effect on R-βHB and cognitive performance, an administrative response on blood lactate, while not influencing gaseous exchange, respiration, HR, affect, RPE, and exercise performance.

中文翻译：

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一种新型外源性酮补充剂对生理、感知和性能参数的剂量反应

由于外源性酮体的多方面生理和信号特性，对健康、疾病和性能影响的兴趣迅速扩大，但限制我们理解的是对个体类型和剂量/给药方案的孤立分析。十三名休闲男性长跑运动员（24.8 ± 9.6 岁，72.5 ± 8.3 kg，VO2max 60.1 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min）参与了这项随机、双盲、交叉设计研究。前两节课包括 5 公里跑步计时赛熟悉和 VO2max 测试。在随后的试验中，受试者被随机分配到一剂（KS1：22.1 g）或两剂（KS2：44.2 g）β-羟基丁酸酯（βHB）和中链甘油三酯（MCT）或风味匹配安慰剂（PLA）。在基线（0 分钟）测量血液 R-βHB、葡萄糖和乳酸浓度，补充后（30 和 60 分钟），运动后（+ 0 分钟，+ 15 分钟）。在运动过程中测量时间、心率 (HR)、感知劳累程度 (RPE)、情感、呼吸交换率、耗氧量 (VO2)、二氧化碳产生和通气量。认知表现在运动前和运动后进行评估。KS 显着增加 R-βHB，KS2 的升高更有效和更长时间，说明了管理和剂量效应。与 KS2 相比，KS1 中的 R-βHB 显着降低，说明了剂量和运动的相互作用效应。运动后血糖升高，但各组之间没有变化。运动后血乳酸显着增加，但通过 KS 给药增加。KS 给药未改变气体交换、呼吸、HR、情感、RPE 和运动表现。然而，明确反应者和无反应者被指出。KS2 显着增强了运动前条件下的认知功能，而运动将 KS1 和 PLA 的认知表现提高到运动前 KS2 水平。新型 βHB + MCT 配方对 R-βHB 和认知能力有剂量影响，对血乳酸有管理反应，但不影响气体交换、呼吸、HR、情感、RPE 和运动表现。