Conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement are fundamental learning processes of animal adaptation, also strongly involved in human pathologies such as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and dependencies. Cued fear conditioning, extinction, restatement, and systematic manipulations of the underlying brain amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex, represent key experimental paradigms to study such processes. Numerous empirical studies have revealed several aspects and the neural systems and plasticity underlying them, but at the moment we lack a comprehensive view. Here we propose a computational model based on firing rate leaky units that contributes to such integration by accounting for 25 different experiments on fear conditioning, extinction, and restatement, on the basis of a single neural architecture having a structure and plasticity grounded in known brain biology. This allows the model to furnish three novel contributions to understand these open issues: (a) the functioning of the central and lateral amygdala system supporting conditioning; (b) the role played by the endocannabinoids system in within- and between-session extinction; (c) the formation of three important types of neurons underlying fear processing, namely fear, extinction, and persistent neurons. The model integration of the results on fear conditioning goes substantially beyond what was done in previous models.

中文翻译：

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一个计算模型整合了提示恐惧条件、灭绝和恢复的多种现象

条件反射、灭绝和恢复是动物适应的基本学习过程，也与创伤后应激障碍、焦虑、抑郁和依赖等人类病理密切相关。潜在的大脑杏仁核和内侧前额叶皮层的线索恐惧条件反射、灭绝、重述和系统操作，代表了研究此类过程的关键实验范式。许多实证研究揭示了几个方面以及它们背后的神经系统和可塑性，但目前我们缺乏全面的看法。在这里，我们提出了一个基于放电率泄漏单元的计算模型，该模型通过考虑 25 个不同的恐惧条件反射、灭绝和重述实验来促进这种整合，基于具有以已知脑生物学为基础的结构和可塑性的单一神经结构。这使得该模型能够提供三个新颖的贡献来理解这些开放性问题：（a）支持调节的中央和外侧杏仁核系统的功能；(b) 内源性大麻素系统在会话内和会话间灭绝中所起的作用；(c) 恐惧处理背后的三种重要神经元的形成，即恐惧、灭绝和持久性神经元。恐惧条件反射结果的模型集成大大超出了以前模型中所做的工作。(b) 内源性大麻素系统在会话内和会话间灭绝中所起的作用；(c) 恐惧处理背后的三种重要神经元的形成，即恐惧、灭绝和持久性神经元。恐惧条件反射结果的模型整合大大超出了之前模型中所做的。(b) 内源性大麻素系统在会话内和会话间灭绝中所起的作用；(c) 恐惧处理背后的三种重要神经元的形成，即恐惧、灭绝和持久性神经元。恐惧条件反射结果的模型集成大大超出了以前模型中所做的工作。