Nutritional content and timing are increasingly appreciated to constitute important human variables collectively impacting all aspects of human physiology and disease. However, person-specific mechanisms driving nutritional impacts on the human host remain incompletely understood, while current dietary recommendations remain empirical and nonpersonalized. Precision nutrition aims to harness individualized bodies of data, including the human gut microbiome, in predicting person-specific physiological responses (such as glycemic responses) to food. With these advances notwithstanding, many unknowns remain, including the long-term efficacy of such interventions in delaying or reversing human metabolic disease, mechanisms driving these dietary effects, and the extent of the contribution of the gut microbiome to these processes. We summarize these conceptual advances, while highlighting challenges and means of addressing them in the next decade of study of precision medicine, toward generation of insights that may help to evolve precision nutrition as an effective future tool in a variety of “multifactorial” human disorders.

中文翻译：

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肠道微生物组和个体对饮食的特定反应

营养成分和时间越来越被认为是重要的人类变量，共同影响人类生理和疾病的各个方面。然而，对人类宿主造成营养影响的特定于人的机制仍未完全了解，而当前的饮食建议仍然是经验性的和非个性化的。精准营养旨在利用个性化的数据体，包括人类肠道微生物组，预测人对食物的特定生理反应（如血糖反应）。尽管取得了这些进展，但仍有许多未知数，包括此类干预措施在延迟或逆转人类代谢疾病方面的长期功效、驱动这些饮食影响的机制以及肠道微生物组对这些过程的贡献程度。