The worldwide outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as a novel human coronavirus, was the worrying news at the beginning of 2020. Since its emergence complicated more than 870,000 individuals and led to more than 43,000 deaths worldwide. Considering to the potential threat of a pandemic and transmission severity of it, there is an urgent need to evaluate and realize this new virus’s structure and behavior and the immunopathology of this disease to find potential therapeutic protocols and to design and develop effective vaccines. This disease is able to agitate the response of the immune system in the infected patients, so ARDS, as a common consequence of immunopathological events for infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, could be the main reason for death. Here, we summarized the immune response and immune evasion characteristics in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic and prophylactic strategies with a focus on vaccine development and its challenges.

2020 年初，SARS-CoV-2（严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2）作为一种新型人类冠状病毒在全球爆发，是令人担忧的消息。自它出现以来，全球 870,000 多人病情复杂化，并导致全球 43,000 多人死亡。考虑到大流行的潜在威胁及其传播的严重性，迫切需要评估和认识这种新病毒的结构和行为以及这种疾病的免疫病理学，以找到潜在的治疗方案并设计和开发有效的疫苗。这种疾病能够激起受感染患者的免疫系统反应，因此 ARDS 是中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒 (MERS-CoV)、SARS-CoV 和 SARS-CoV 感染的免疫病理学事件的常见结果。 2、可能是死亡的主要原因。在这里，我们总结了 SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV 和 SARS-CoV-2 的免疫反应和免疫逃避特征以及治疗和预防策略，重点是疫苗开发及其面临的挑战。