Cryptographic hash functions are widely used primitives with a purpose to ensure the integrity of data. Hash functions are also utilized in conjunction with digital signatures to provide authentication and non-repudiation services. The SHA has been developed over time by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for security, optimal performance, and robustness. The best-known hash standards are SHA-1, SHA-2, and SHA-3. Security is the most notable criterion for evaluating the hash functions. However, the hardware performance of an algorithm serves as a tiebreaker among the contestants when all other parameters (security, software performance, and flexibility) have equal strength. Field Programmable Gateway Array (FPGA) is a reconfigurable hardware that supports a variety of design options, making it the best choice for implementing the hash standards. In this survey, particular attention is devoted to the FPGA optimization techniques for the three hash standards. The study covers several types of optimization techniques and their contributions to the performance of FPGAs. Moreover, the article highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each of the optimization methods and their influence on performance. We are optimistic that the study will be a useful resource encompassing the efforts carried out on the SHAs and FPGA optimization techniques in a consolidated form.

中文翻译：

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安全散列算法和相应的 FPGA 优化技术

加密散列函数是广泛使用的原语，其目的是确保数据的完整性。散列函数还与数字签名结合使用，以提供身份验证和不可否认服务。SHA 由美国国家标准与技术研究院随着时间的推移而开发，旨在实现安全性、最佳性能和稳健性。最著名的哈希标准是 SHA-1、SHA-2 和 SHA-3。安全性是评估散列函数最显着的标准。然而，当所有其他参数（安全性、软件性能和灵活性）都具有相同的强度时，算法的硬件性能在参赛者中充当了决胜局。现场可编程网关阵列 (FPGA) 是一种可重新配置的硬件，支持多种设计选项，使其成为实现哈希标准的最佳选择。在本次调查中，特别关注三种哈希标准的 FPGA 优化技术。该研究涵盖了几种类型的优化技术及其对 FPGA 性能的贡献。此外，本文重点介绍了每种优化方法的优缺点及其对性能的影响。我们乐观地认为，这项研究将成为一个有用的资源，包括以综合形式对 SHA 和 FPGA 优化技术所做的努力。本文重点介绍了每种优化方法的优缺点及其对性能的影响。我们乐观地认为，这项研究将成为一个有用的资源，包括以综合形式对 SHA 和 FPGA 优化技术所做的努力。本文重点介绍了每种优化方法的优缺点及其对性能的影响。我们乐观地认为，这项研究将成为一个有用的资源，包括以综合形式对 SHA 和 FPGA 优化技术所做的努力。