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Bottom-up Effects on Tri-trophic Interactions: Plant Fertilization Enhances the Fitness of a Primary Parasitoid Mediated by Its Herbivore Host
Journal of Economic Entomology ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-28 , DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa204
Apostolos Pekas , Felix L Wäckers 1
Affiliation  

Plants play a pivotal role in interactions involving herbivores and their natural enemies. Variation in plant primary and secondary metabolites not only affects herbivores but, directly and indirectly, also their natural enemies. Here, we used a commercial NPK fertilizer to test the impact of three fertilizer, namely 50, 100, and 200 ppm nitrogen, and one control (i.e., water) treatments, on the weight of the nymphs of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Subsequently, the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was reared on the different groups of whitefly nymphs and upon parasitoid emergence, the number of oocytes was determined as a measure of reproductive capacity. Trials were done on tomato and tobacco plants. The level of nitrogen concentration in tobacco leaves was directly correlated with the fertilizer applications, thus confirming the effect of our fertilizer treatments. Both in tomato and tobacco plants, healthy as well as parasitized whitefly nymphs, were heaviest in the 200 ppm nitrogen treatment. The highest number of oocytes per female parasitoid was recorded in the 200 ppm nitrogen treatment in tomato (31% more oocytes as compared with the control) and in the 100 and 200 ppm nitrogen treatments in tobacco (200% more oocytes). We suggest that the increase in oocytes was the result of the enhanced size (food quantity) and/or nutritional quality of the whitefly host. The practical implications of these results for the mass rearing of whitefly parasitoids and for biological pest control are discussed.

中文翻译:

对三营养相互作用的自下而上的影响:植物施肥增强了由草食动物宿主介导的初级寄生蜂的适应性

植物在涉及食草动物及其天敌的相互作用中发挥着关键作用。植物初级和次级代谢物的变化不仅会影响食草动物,还会直接或间接地影响它们的天敌。在这里,我们使用商业 NPK 肥料来测试三种肥料,即 50、100 和 200 ppm 氮和一种对照(即水)处理对粉虱 Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 若虫重量的影响(半翅目:粉虱科)。随后,粉虱寄生蜂 Eretmocerus mundus Mercet(膜翅目:Aphelinidae)被饲养在不同的粉虱若虫身上,并且在寄生蜂出现时,卵母细胞的数量被确定为生殖能力的衡量标准。对番茄和烟草植物进行了试验。烟叶中的氮浓度水平与施肥直接相关,从而证实了我们施肥处理的效果。在番茄和烟草植物中,健康和寄生的粉虱若虫在 200 ppm 氮处理中最重。每个雌性寄生蜂的卵母细胞数量最高记录在番茄 200 ppm 氮处理(与对照相比卵母细胞多 31%)和烟草中 100 和 200 ppm 氮处理(卵母细胞多 200%)。我们认为卵母细胞的增加是粉虱宿主体积(食物数量)和/或营养质量增加的结果。讨论了这些结果对大规模饲养粉虱寄生蜂和生物害虫防治的实际意义。从而证实了我们施肥处理的效果。在番茄和烟草植物中,健康和寄生的粉虱若虫在 200 ppm 氮处理中最重。每个雌性寄生蜂的卵母细胞数量最高记录在番茄 200 ppm 氮处理(与对照相比卵母细胞多 31%)和烟草中 100 和 200 ppm 氮处理(卵母细胞多 200%)。我们认为卵母细胞的增加是粉虱宿主体积(食物数量)和/或营养质量增加的结果。讨论了这些结果对大规模饲养粉虱寄生蜂和生物害虫防治的实际意义。从而证实了我们施肥处理的效果。在番茄和烟草植物中,健康和寄生的粉虱若虫在 200 ppm 氮处理中最重。每个雌性寄生蜂的卵母细胞数量最高记录在番茄 200 ppm 氮处理(与对照相比卵母细胞多 31%)和烟草中 100 和 200 ppm 氮处理(卵母细胞多 200%)。我们认为卵母细胞的增加是粉虱宿主体积(食物数量)和/或营养质量增加的结果。讨论了这些结果对大规模饲养粉虱寄生蜂和生物害虫防治的实际意义。在 200 ppm 氮处理中最重。每个雌性寄生蜂的卵母细胞数量最高记录在番茄 200 ppm 氮处理(与对照相比卵母细胞多 31%)和烟草中 100 和 200 ppm 氮处理(卵母细胞多 200%)。我们认为卵母细胞的增加是粉虱宿主体积(食物数量)和/或营养质量增加的结果。讨论了这些结果对大规模饲养粉虱寄生蜂和生物害虫防治的实际意义。在 200 ppm 氮处理中最重。每个雌性寄生物的卵母细胞数量最高记录在番茄 200 ppm 氮处理(与对照相比卵母细胞多 31%)和烟草中 100 和 200 ppm 氮处理(卵母细胞多 200%)。我们认为卵母细胞的增加是粉虱宿主体积(食物数量)和/或营养质量增加的结果。讨论了这些结果对大规模饲养粉虱寄生蜂和生物害虫防治的实际意义。我们认为卵母细胞的增加是粉虱宿主体积(食物数量)和/或营养质量增加的结果。讨论了这些结果对大规模饲养粉虱寄生蜂和生物害虫防治的实际意义。我们认为卵母细胞的增加是粉虱宿主体积(食物数量)和/或营养质量增加的结果。讨论了这些结果对大规模饲养粉虱寄生蜂和生物害虫防治的实际意义。
更新日期:2020-09-28
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