Fluorescent nanothermometers can probe changes in local temperature in living cells and in vivo and reveal fundamental insights into biological properties. This field has attracted global efforts in developing both temperature-responsive materials and detection procedures to achieve sub-degree temperature resolution in biosystems. Recent generations of nanothermometers show superior performance to earlier ones and also offer multifunctionality, enabling state-of-the-art functional imaging with improved spatial, temporal and temperature resolutions for monitoring the metabolism of intracellular organelles and internal organs. Although progress in this field has been rapid, it has not been without controversy, as recent studies have shown possible biased sensing during fluorescence-based detection. Here, we introduce the design principles and advances in fluorescence nanothermometry, highlight application achievements, discuss scenarios that may lead to biased sensing, analyze the challenges ahead in terms of both fundamental issues and practical implementations, and point to new directions for improving this interdisciplinary field.

荧光纳米温度计可以探测活细胞和体内局部温度的变化，并揭示生物学特性的基本见解。该领域吸引了全球性的努力来开发温度响应材料和检测程序，以在生物系统中实现亚度温度分辨率。新一代的纳米温度计在性能上要优于早期的纳米温度计，并且具有多功能性，可实现具有改进的空间，时间和温度分辨率的最新功能成像，以监测细胞内细胞器和内部器官的代谢。尽管该领域的进展非常迅速，但并非没有争议，因为最近的研究表明，在基于荧光的检测过程中可能会出现传感偏差。这里，