Traumatic injury initiates a large and complex immune response in the minutes after the initial insult, comprising of simultaneous pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory responses. In patients that survive the initial injury, these immune responses are believed to contribute towards complications such as the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. These post‐traumatic complications affect a significant proportion of patients and are a major contributing factor for poor outcomes and an increased burden on healthcare systems. Therefore, understanding the immune responses to trauma is crucial for improving patient outcomes through the development of novel therapeutics and refining resuscitation strategies. In order to do this, preclinical animal models must mimic human immune responses as much as possible, and as such, we need to understand the constraints of each species in the context of trauma. A number of species have been used in this field; however, these models are limited by their genetic background and their capacity for recapitulating human immune function. This review provides a brief overview of the immune response in critically injured human patients and discusses the most commonly used species for modelling trauma, focusing on how their immune response to serious injury and haemorrhage compares to that of humans.

中文翻译：

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用于研究对创伤性损伤的免疫反应的临床前模型

创伤性损伤会在最初受到伤害后的几分钟内引发大规模而复杂的免疫反应，包括同时发生的促炎和抗炎反应。在最初受伤后幸存下来的患者中，这些免疫反应被认为会导致并发症，例如败血症和多器官功能障碍综合征的发展。这些创伤后并发症影响了很大一部分患者，并且是导致不良结果和医疗保健系统负担增加的主要因素。因此，了解对创伤的免疫反应对于通过开发新疗法和完善复苏策略来改善患者预后至关重要。为了做到这一点，临床前动物模型必须尽可能地模拟人类免疫反应，因此，我们需要了解每个物种在创伤背景下的限制。许多物种已用于该领域；然而，这些模型受到其遗传背景和重现人类免疫功能的能力的限制。本综述简要概述了严重受伤的人类患者的免疫反应，并讨论了最常用于模拟创伤的物种，重点介绍了它们对严重损伤和出血的免疫反应与人类相比的情况。