The climate and environmental conditions in the Carpathian Basin and the adjacent northern Italy/Adriatic region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) exhibit some major differences, as compared to present-day conditions. For instance, high accumulation rates recorded in loess deposits point to an active dust cycle during the LGM. Here, we investigate the climate conditions and provide new insights into the regional dust cycle based on regional climate simulations for both LGM and present-day boundary conditions. The high-resolution model output (grid spacing of ∼8.5 km) is in good agreement with available proxy data, showing much colder (particularly during winter) and drier conditions during the LGM over the model domain. Further, the simulated aeolian dust cycle of small grain size particles (<20 μm) is investigated in more detail for LGM conditions. Highest dust emissions are simulated to the east of the Alpine ice sheet and in the Kvarner Bay region. In the northern Carpathian Basin, dust deposition plumes indicate prevailing northerly (NW, N and NE) winds. Strong Bora winds flowing down the slopes of the Dinaric Alps appear to play a major role in the local to regional dust cycle in the northern Adriatic region. From a seasonal perspective, the dust cycle is most active during winter and spring. A closer look at climate and environmental conditions at key areas reveals that high mean wind speeds and low precipitation rates correlate well with the high dust emissions during winter and spring. In contrast, lower wind speeds, increasing precipitation and the greening of vegetation prevent high dust emissions during summer and autumn. An additional analysis of the occurrence frequency of cyclonic circulation patterns in the Adriatic shelf region reveals that individual passing cyclones played an important role in the transport of dust particles from the alluvial Po plain towards the eastern Adriatic loess stacks.

中文翻译：

---

末次冰盛期期间喀尔巴阡盆地和亚得里亚海地区的模拟区域沙尘循环

末次盛冰期 (LGM) 期间喀尔巴阡盆地和邻近的意大利北部/亚得里亚海地区的气候和环境条件与目前的条件相比表现出一些重大差异。例如，黄土沉积物中记录的高积累率表明 LGM 期间存在活跃的灰尘循环。在这里，我们研究了气候条件，并基于 LGM 和当今边界条件的区域气候模拟，提供了对区域沙尘循环的新见解。高分辨率模型输出（网格间距约 8.5 公里）与可用的代理数据非常吻合，显示模型域 LGM 期间更冷（尤其是在冬季）和更干燥的条件。此外，模拟小粒径颗粒（< 20 μm) 更详细地研究 LGM 条件。高山冰盖以东和 Kvarner 湾地区的粉尘排放量最高。在喀尔巴阡盆地北部，尘埃沉积羽流表明盛行的北风（NW、N 和 NE）。从迪那利克阿尔卑斯山的山坡上流下的强波拉风似乎在亚得里亚海北部地区的局部到区域沙尘循环中发挥了重要作用。从季节的角度来看，沙尘循环在冬春季最为活跃。对关键地区气候和环境条件的仔细观察表明，高平均风速和低降水率与冬季和春季的高粉尘排放密切相关。相比之下，较低的风速、增加的降水和植被的绿化防止了夏季和秋季的高粉尘排放。