Individual differences in cognitive performance increase with advancing age, reflecting marked cognitive changes in some individuals along with little or no change in others. Genetic and lifestyle factors are assumed to influence cognitive performance in ageing by affecting the magnitude and extent of age-related brain changes (i.e., brain maintenance or atrophy), as well as the ability to recruit compensatory processes. The purpose of this review is to present findings from the Betula study and other longitudinal studies, with a focus on clarifying the role of key biological and environmental factors assumed to underlie individual differences in brain and cognitive ageing. We discuss the vital importance of sampling, analytic methods, consideration of non-ignorable dropout, and related issues for valid conclusions on factors that influence healthy neurocognitive ageing.

个体认知能力的差异随着年龄的增长而增加，反映出某些个体的认知能力显着变化，而其他个体则几乎没有或没有变化。遗传和生活方式因素被认为会通过影响与年龄相关的大脑变化（即，大脑维持或萎缩）的程度和程度以及招募代偿过程的能力来影响衰老的认知表现。这篇综述的目的是介绍Betula研究和其他纵向研究的发现，重点是弄清被认为是大脑和认知衰老个体差异基础的关键生物学和环境因素的作用。我们讨论了抽样，分析方法，对不可忽略的辍学问题的考虑，