Polyploidy is a phenomenon that alters the genetic diversity of populations and has been reported as one of the most important evolutionary forces for plant diversification. The Psidium cattleyanum complex comprises a group of wild populations with several ploidy levels reported in the literature. The multiple cytotypes, associated with its wide distribution area, make this species a potential key model for understanding evolutionary processes related to polyploidization. In this study, we isolated and characterized nuclear microsatellite markers of P. cattleyanum and tested their transferability to other nine species of the genus. We performed a preliminary analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in three populations of P. cattleyanum. The three populations analyzed had different chromosome numbers, being polyploid cytotypes (2n = 6x = 66, 2n = 7x = 77 and 2n = 8x = 88). We designed 46 primer pairs and successfully amplified 37 markers, from which the 10 best were selected for analysis. Considering both the PIC and DP values, most of markers were highly informative. The new SSR markers were used to assess the levels of genetic diversity of the populations and detected one population with predominance of sexual reproduction. DAPC analysis pointed the formation of three groups, which corresponded to the populations analyzed. The markers were successfully amplified in related species, with some species presenting 80% transferability. By producing this panel of polymorphic microsatellites, we contribute to the understanding evolution in groups of natural polyploids for future studies.

多倍体是改变种群遗传多样性的一种现象，据报道是植物多样性最重要的进化力之一。所述番石榴cattleyanum复合物包含具有若干倍性水平的一组野生种群的文献报道。多种细胞类型及其广泛的分布区域使该物种成为理解与多倍体化有关的进化过程的潜在关键模型。在这项研究中，我们分离并鉴定了P. cowyanum的核微卫星标记，并测试了它们向其他九种属的转移性。我们对P. cowyanum的三个种群的遗传多样性和种群结构进行了初步分析。分析的三个种群具有不同的染色体数，即多倍体细胞型（2 n  = 6 x  = 66、2 n  = 7 x  = 77和2 n  = 8 x = 88）。我们设计了46对引物，并成功扩增了37个标记，从中选择了10个最佳进行分析。考虑到PIC和DP值，大多数标记物的信息量很高。新的SSR标记用于评估种群的遗传多样性水平，并检测到一个以性繁殖为主的种群。DAPC分析指出形成了三组，分别对应于所分析的人群。这些标记已在相关物种中成功扩增，其中一些具有80％的可转移性。通过生产这种多态微卫星面板，我们有助于理解天然多倍体群的进化，以供将来研究。