Abstract The development of information technologies and e-commerce has allowed many companies to set up online platforms to sell their products in dual-channel supply chain (SC) networks. The double competition between new and remanufactured products within channels and across competing channels affects manufacturer and retailer pricing decisions. However, the current state of the literature shows a gap in the modelling and analysis of a dual-channel SC with both cross-channel competition and channel costs. To fill this gap, this paper develops a model for a CLSC in which the manufacturer sells new products through a retail channel and also directly through its online channel. The manufacturer may also sell remanufactured products in its online direct channel if it decides to produce them. The results indicate that: (i) the manufacturer’s production and optimal pricing strategies depend on both production and channel selling costs; (ii) remanufacturing is not considered by the manufacturer when the unit manufacturing cost is sufficiently low and the retailer’s channel cost is sufficiently high; (iii) the introduction of remanufacturing hurts the retailer’s profit only when the unit manufacturing cost is sufficiently high; and (iv) selling the new product online mitigates the effect of remanufacturing on the retailer, and thus a high customer’s acceptance of the remanufactured product can benefit the retailer.

中文翻译：

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具有（再）制造的双渠道闭环供应链中的定价和生产决策

摘要 随着信息技术和电子商务的发展，许多公司建立了在线平台，通过双渠道供应链（SC）网络销售产品。渠道内和跨竞争渠道的新产品和再制造产品之间的双重竞争会影响制造商和零售商的定价决策。然而，目前的文献状态表明，在具有跨渠道竞争和渠道成本的双渠道 SC 的建模和分析方面存在差距。为了填补这一空白，本文开发了一个 CLSC 模型，其中制造商通过零售渠道和直接通过其在线渠道销售新产品。如果制造商决定生产再制造产品，也可以通过其在线直接渠道销售再制造产品。结果表明：(i) 制造商的生产和最优定价策略取决于生产成本和渠道销售成本；(ii) 当单位制造成本足够低且零售商的渠道成本足够高时，制造商不考虑再制造；(iii) 只有当单位制造成本足够高时，再制造的引入才会损害零售商的利润；(iv) 在线销售新产品减轻了再制造对零售商的影​​响，因此客户对再制造产品的高接受度可以使零售商受益。(iii) 只有当单位制造成本足够高时，再制造的引入才会损害零售商的利润；(iv) 在线销售新产品减轻了再制造对零售商的影​​响，因此客户对再制造产品的高接受度可以使零售商受益。(iii) 只有当单位制造成本足够高时，再制造的引入才会损害零售商的利润；(iv) 在线销售新产品减轻了再制造对零售商的影​​响，因此客户对再制造产品的高接受度可以使零售商受益。