Cancer immunotherapy using cancer vaccines has shown great potential in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Here, we report an implantable autologous blood clot scaffold for enhanced cancer vaccination. It comprises a gel-like fibrin network formed by coagulation of blood to trap a large number of red blood cells. Upon implantation, the cross-linked RBCs in the blood clot can attract and recruit a great number of immune cells, leading to the formation of an “immune niche.” Encapsulated with tumor-associated antigen and adjuvant, the blood clot vaccine (BCV) can induce a robust anticancer immune response. The BCV combined with immune checkpoint blockade effectively inhibits tumor growth in B16F10 and 4T1 tumor models. The proposed implantable blood clot cancer vaccine can be readily made by mixing the blood from patients with cancer with immunomodulating agents ex vivo, followed by reimplantation into the same patient for personalized cancer immunotherapy in future clinical translation.

使用癌症疫苗进行癌症免疫治疗在癌症的预防和治疗中显示出巨大的潜力。在这里，我们报告了一种用于增强癌症疫苗接种的可植入自体血凝块支架。它包括由血液凝固形成的凝胶状纤维蛋白网络，以捕获大量红细胞。植入后，血凝块中的交联红细胞可以吸引和募集大量免疫细胞，从而形成“免疫生态位”。用肿瘤相关抗原和佐剂包裹的血凝块疫苗（BCV）可以诱导强大的抗癌免疫反应。BCV 结合免疫检查点阻断有效抑制 B16F10 和 4T1 肿瘤模型中的肿瘤生长。