Power grids include entities such as home-microgrids (H-MGs), consumers, and retailers, each of which has a unique and sometimes contradictory objective compared with others while exchanging electricity and heat with other H-MGs. Therefore, there is the need for a smart structure to handle the new situation. This paper proposes a bilevel hierarchical structure for designing and planning distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage in H-MGs by considering the demand response (DR). In general, the upper-level structure is based on H-MG generation competition to maximize their individual and/or group income in the process of forming a coalition with other H-MGs. The upper-level problem is decomposed into a set of low-level market clearing problems. Both electricity and heat markets are simultaneously modeled in this paper. DERs, including wind turbines (WTs), combined heat and power (CHP) systems, electric boilers (EBs), electric heat pumps (EHPs), and electric energy storage systems, participate in the electricity markets. In addition, CHP systems, gas boilers (GBs), EBs, EHPs, solar thermal panels, and thermal energy storage systems participate in the heat market. Results show that the formation of a coalition among H-MGs present in one grid will not only have a significant effect on programming and regulating the value of the power generated by the generation resources, but also impact the demand consumption and behavior of consumers participating in the DR program with a cheaper market clearing price.

中文翻译：

---

能源市场中具有分布式能源和储能的微电网联盟

电网包括诸如家用微电网（H-MG），消费者和零售商之类的实体，与其他实体相比，每个实体都有一个独特的，有时是相互矛盾的目标，同时又要与其他H-MG进行电和热交换。因此，需要一种智能结构来应对新情况。本文提出了一种双层层次结构，通过考虑需求响应（DR）来设计和规划H-MG中的分布式能源（DER）和能量存储。通常，高层结构基于H-MG代竞争，以在与其他H-MG组成联盟的过程中最大化其个人和/或团体收入。较高级别的问题分解为一系列低级市场清算问题。本文同时对电力和热力市场进行建模。DERs 包括风力涡轮机（WTs），热电联产（CHP）系统，电锅炉（EB），电热泵（EHP）和电能存储系统在内的电力市场都参与其中。此外，CHP系统，燃气锅炉（GB），EB，EHP，太阳能热板和热能存储系统也参与了热市场。结果表明，在一个电网中存在的H-MG之间形成联盟，不仅会对编程和调节发电资源产生的电力价值产生重大影响，而且还会影响参与该活动的消费者的需求消耗和行为具有较低市场清算价格的DR计划。参与电力市场。此外，CHP系统，燃气锅炉（GB），EB，EHP，太阳能热板和热能存储系统也参与了热市场。结果表明，在一个电网中存在的H-MG之间形成联盟，不仅会对编程和调节发电资源产生的电力价值产生重大影响，而且还会影响参与该活动的消费者的需求消耗和行为具有较低市场清算价格的DR计划。参与电力市场。此外，CHP系统，燃气锅炉（GB），EB，EHP，太阳能热板和热能存储系统也参与了热市场。结果表明，在一个电网中存在的H-MG之间形成联盟，不仅会对编程和调节发电资源产生的电力价值产生重大影响，而且还会影响参与该活动的消费者的需求消耗和行为具有较低市场清算价格的DR计划。