Lithium (Li)-ion batteries have become the mainstream energy storage solution for many applications, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and smart grids. However, various faults in a Li-ion battery system (LIBS) can potentially cause performance degradation and severe safety issues. Developing advanced fault diagnosis technologies is becoming increasingly critical for the safe operation of LIBS. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms, features, and diagnosis of various faults in LIBSs, including internal battery faults, sensor faults, and actuator faults. Future trends in the development of fault diagnosis technologies for a safer battery system are presented and discussed.

中文翻译：

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锂离子电池系统的高级故障诊断：故障机制、故障特征和诊断程序回顾

锂 (Li) 离子电池已成为许多应用的主流储能解决方案，例如电动汽车 (EV) 和智能电网。然而，锂离子电池系统 (LIBS) 中的各种故障可能会导致性能下降和严重的安全问题。开发先进的故障诊断技术对于 LIBS 的安全运行变得越来越重要。本文全面回顾了 LIBS 中各种故障的机制、特征和诊断，包括内部电池故障、传感器故障和执行器故障。提出并讨论了开发更安全电池系统故障诊断技术的未来趋势。