The abundance of apomixis in tropical plant genera is poorly understood, and this affects the understanding of speciation and evolution. Hanguanaceae is a tropical monogeneric, dioecious plant family. All but two species are solitary herbs with no capability to spread vegetatively. Viable seeds are often produced when males have not been observed. Our aim was to investigate the presence of apomixis in Hanguana. We used reduced representation genomics to study phylogenetics and genetic variability in all populations of Hanguana in Singapore. We measured genome sizes and estimated ploidy levels in 10 species. Almost all taxa tested were genetically uniform (uniclonal) regardless of the extent of their distribution. The distribution of single clones over distinct localities supports our hypothesis of apomictic reproduction. Only one sexually reproducing native species was detected. Triploid and pentaploid states support our hypothesis that the type of apomixis in Hanguana is gametophytic. Population genomics tools offer a quick and cost-effective way of detecting excess clonality and thereby inferring apomixis. In the case of Hanguana, the presence of male plants is a strong indicator of sexual reproduction, whereas genome triplication is indicative of apomictic reproduction.

中文翻译：

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种群基因组学揭示了一个新系统中的无融合生殖：单性的女性种群在热带森林草本科Hanguanaceae（Commelinales）中占主导地位

对热带植物属中无融合生殖的丰富性了解甚少，这影响了对物种形成和进化的理解。guan科是一种热带单基因，雌雄异株的植物科。除两个物种外，所有其他物种均为单生草本植物，无营养传播能力。当没有观察到雄性时，通常会产生有活力的种子。我们的目的是调查汉冠鳄中无融合生殖的存在。我们使用减少的代表性基因组学来研究汉瓜所有种群的系统发育和遗传变异性在新加坡。我们测量了10个物种的基因组大小并估计了倍性水平。无论分布的程度如何，几乎所有测试的分类单元都是遗传统一的（单克隆的）。单个克隆在不同地区的分布支持我们的无融合生殖繁殖假说。仅检测到一种有性繁殖的本地物种。三倍体和五倍体状态支持我们的假设，即汉观人中无融合生殖的类型是配子生的。人口基因组学工具提供了一种快速且经济高效的方式来检测过度克隆，从而推断无融合生殖。就Hanguana而言，雄性植物的存在是有性生殖的有力指标，而基因组三倍重复则表明无融合生殖。