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Subsurface Ocean Warming Hotspots and Potential Impacts on Marine Species: The Southwest South Atlantic Ocean Case Study
Frontiers in Marine Science ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 , DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.563394
Bárbara C. Franco , Vincent Combes , Victoria González Carman

In the southwest South Atlantic Ocean (SWAO) strong ocean surface warming hotspots have been observed mainly along the path of the Brazil Current (BC), Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC), and in the Río de la Plata (RdlP). However, there is no knowledge about the signature of ocean hotspots below the surface and the potential effects of ocean warming on marine biota. In this work, we provide initial evidence of how deep the hotspots of the SWAO extend in the water column, in particular at mid-water and bottom layers where two marine species - the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the Patagonian scallop (Zygochlamys patagonica) - inhabit. We compare 15 years (2003–2017) of Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) ARMOR3D high−resolution (1/4°) 3-D temperatures reprocessed from combined satellite and in situ observations with high−resolution (1/12°) Mercator ocean reanalysis. We also use location data of C. mydas and Z. patagonica to discuss the potential impacts of warming on these species in terms of geographic distribution, phenological shifts and thermal tolerance. The potential distribution of C. mydas changes in relation to the sea surface temperature (SST) and the bathymetry. The warming of the whole water column in the RdlP (>0.4°C/decade) and the southward movement of the mean surface isotherms, which likely drove turtle displacements, could enable the opening up of novel optimal thermal habitats and/or a longer seasonal residency for the species. At the BMC, warming is driven by the southward displacement of the BC during the past decades. Ocean model temperature indicates cooling/warming in deep waters along the outer shelf and shelf break regions, which vary according the displacements of the BMC. The expected warming of the waters over the Patagonian scallop largest bed could exceed the thermal tolerance of this species and its survival. Given the lack of long-term monitoring programs to address the impacts of climate change on marine biota in the SWAO, our results provide the first effort to call the attention of stakeholders and decision makers on marine conservation and fishery management to work toward better management strategies in the context of climate change.

中文翻译:

地下海洋变暖热点及其对海洋物种的潜在影响:西南大西洋案例研究

在南大西洋西南部 (SWAO),主要沿着巴西洋流 (BC)、巴西-马尔维纳斯汇流 (BMC) 和拉普拉塔河 (RdlP) 的路径观察到强烈的海洋表面变暖热点。然而,目前尚不清楚地表以下海洋热点的特征以及海洋变暖对海洋生物群的潜在影响。在这项工作中,我们提供了关于 SWAO 热点在水体中延伸多深的初步证据,特别是在中水层和底层,其中两种海洋物种 - 绿海龟 (Chelonia mydas) 和巴塔哥尼亚扇贝 (Zygochlamys patagonica ) - 居住于。我们比较了哥白尼海洋环境监测服务 (CMEMS) ARMOR3D 高分辨率 (1/4°) 3-D 温度的 15 年 (2003-2017) 从组合卫星和具有高分辨率 (1/12°) 的原位观测结果墨卡托海洋再分析。我们还使用 C. mydas 和 Z. patagonica 的位置数据来讨论变暖对这些物种在地理分布、物候变化和耐热性方面的潜在影响。C. mydas 的潜在分布随海面温度 (SST) 和水深测量而变化。RdlP 中整个水体的变暖(>0.4°C/decade)和平均地表等温线的向南移动,这可能会导致海龟迁移,可能会开辟新的最佳热栖息地和/或更长的季节性物种的居住地。在 BMC,变暖是由 BC 在过去几十年中向南位移造成的。海洋模型温度表示沿外陆架和陆架断裂区的深水变冷/变暖,其随 BMC 的位移而变化。巴塔哥尼亚扇贝最大床层上方水域的预期变暖可能超过该物种的耐热性及其生存。鉴于缺乏长期监测计划来解决 SWAO 中气候变化对海洋生物群的影响,我们的结果首次努力呼吁利益相关者和决策者对海洋保护和渔业管理的关注,以制定更好的管理战略在气候变化的背景下。海洋模型温度表示沿外陆架和陆架断裂区的深水变冷/变暖,其随 BMC 的位移而变化。巴塔哥尼亚扇贝最大床层上方水域的预期变暖可能超过该物种的耐热性及其生存。鉴于缺乏长期监测计划来解决 SWAO 中气候变化对海洋生物群的影响,我们的结果首次努力呼吁利益相关者和决策者对海洋保护和渔业管理的关注,以制定更好的管理战略在气候变化的背景下。海洋模型温度表示沿外陆架和陆架断裂区的深水变冷/变暖,其随 BMC 的位移而变化。巴塔哥尼亚扇贝最大床层上方水域的预期变暖可能超过该物种的耐热性及其生存。鉴于缺乏长期监测计划来解决 SWAO 中气候变化对海洋生物群的影响,我们的结果首次努力呼吁利益相关者和决策者对海洋保护和渔业管理的关注,以制定更好的管理战略在气候变化的背景下。巴塔哥尼亚扇贝最大床层上方水域的预期变暖可能超过该物种的耐热性及其生存。鉴于缺乏长期监测计划来解决 SWAO 中气候变化对海洋生物群的影响,我们的结果首次努力呼吁利益相关者和决策者对海洋保护和渔业管理的关注,以制定更好的管理战略在气候变化的背景下。巴塔哥尼亚扇贝最大床层上方水域的预期变暖可能超过该物种的耐热性及其生存。鉴于缺乏长期监测计划来解决 SWAO 中气候变化对海洋生物群的影响,我们的结果首次努力呼吁利益相关者和决策者对海洋保护和渔业管理的关注,以制定更好的管理战略在气候变化的背景下。
更新日期:2020-09-25
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