This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning decreases in strength when the outcome that reinforced it is removed. Behavioral research indicates that neither Pavlovian nor operant extinction depends substantially on erasure of the original learning, but instead depends on new inhibitory learning that is primarily expressed in the context in which it is learned, as exemplified by the renewal effect. Although the nature of the inhibition may differ in Pavlovian and operant extinction, in either case the decline in responding may depend on both generalization decrement and the correction of prediction error. At the neural level, Pavlovian extinction requires a tripartite neural circuit involving the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Synaptic plasticity in the amygdala is essential for extinction learning, and prefrontal cortical inhibition of amygdala neurons encoding fear memories is involved in fear retrieval. Hippocampal-prefrontal circuits mediate fear relapse phenomena, including renewal. Instrumental extinction involves distinct ensembles in corticostriatal, striatopallidal, and striatohypothalamic circuits as well as their thalamic returns for inhibitory (extinction) and excitatory (renewal and other relapse phenomena) control over operant responding. The field has made significant progress in recent decades, although a fully integrated biobehavioral understanding still awaits.

中文翻译：

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巴甫洛夫和工具性灭绝学习的行为和神经生物学机制

本文回顾了行为神经科学中的灭绝现象，即通过巴甫洛夫学习或工具（操作）学习获得的行为，当强化该行为的结果被消除时，其强度就会减弱。行为研究表明，巴甫洛夫消退和操作性消退实质上都不依赖于原始学习的消除，而是依赖于主要在学习环境中表达的新的抑制性学习，如更新效应所示。尽管抑制的性质在巴甫洛夫灭绝和操作性灭绝中可能不同，但在任何一种情况下，响应的下降可能取决于泛化衰减和预测误差的校正。在神经层面，巴甫洛夫消退需要涉及杏仁核、前额叶皮层和海马体的三方神经回路。杏仁核的突触可塑性对于消退学习至关重要，前额皮质对编码恐惧记忆的杏仁核神经元的抑制与恐惧检索有关。海马-前额叶回路介导恐惧复发现象，包括更新。工具性消退涉及皮质纹状体、纹状体苍白球和纹状体下丘脑回路中的不同整体，以及它们对操作反应的抑制性（消退）和兴奋性（更新和其他复发现象）控制的丘脑返回。近几十年来，该领域取得了重大进展，但仍有待全面整合的生物行为理解。