Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is the most common symbiont-induced reproductive manipulation. Specifically, symbiont-induced sperm modifications cause catastrophic mitotic defects in the fertilized embryo and ensuing lethality in crosses between symbiotic males and either aposymbiotic females or females harboring a different symbiont strain. However, if the female carries the same symbiont strain, then embryos develop properly, thereby imparting a relative fitness benefit to symbiont-transmitting mothers. Thus, CI drives maternally-transmitted bacteria to high frequencies in arthropods worldwide. In the past two decades, CI experienced a boom in interest due to its (i) deployment in worldwide efforts to curb mosquito-borne diseases, (ii) causation by bacteriophage genes, cifA and cifB, that modify sexual reproduction, and (iii) important impacts on arthropod speciation. This review serves as a gateway to experimental, conceptual, and quantitative themes of CI and outlines significant gaps in understanding CI’s mechanism that are ripe for investigation from diverse subdisciplines in the life sciences.

中文翻译：

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共生体介导的细胞质不相容性：50 年来我们学到了什么？

细胞质不相容性 (CI) 是最常见的共生体诱导的生殖操作。具体而言，共生体诱导的精子修饰会导致受精胚胎发生灾难性的有丝分裂缺陷，并导致共生雄性与无共生雌性或携带不同共生菌株的雌性之间的杂交致死。然而，如果雌性携带相同的共生体菌株，那么胚胎就会正常发育，从而为传播共生体的母亲带来相对的健康益处。因此，CI 驱使母源传播的细菌在全世界节肢动物中高频传播。在过去的二十年中，CI 经历了兴趣的繁荣，因为它 (i) 在全球范围内部署以遏制蚊媒疾病，(ii) 由噬菌体基因 cifA 和 cifB 引起的改变有性生殖，(iii) 对节肢动物物种形成的重要影响。这篇综述是通向 CI 的实验、概念和定量主题的门户，并概述了理解 CI 机制方面的重大差距，这些差距已经成熟，可以从生命科学的不同分支学科进行调查。