Implantable neural electrodes can record and regulate neural activities with high spatial resolution of single-neuron and high time resolution of sub-millisecond, which are the most extensive window in neuroscience research. However, the mechanical mismatch between conventional stiff electrodes and soft neural tissue can lead to inflammatory responses and degradation of signals in chronic recordings. Although remarkable breakthroughs have been made in sensing and regulation of neural signals, the long-term stability and chronic inflammatory response of the neural electrode-tissue interfaces still needs further development. In this review, we focus on the latest developments for the optimization of neural electrode-tissue interfaces, including electrode materials (graphene fiber-based and CNT fiber-based), electrode structures (flexible electrodes), nano-coatings and hydrogel-based neural interfaces. The parameters of impedance, charge injection limit, signal-to-noise ratio and neuron lost zone are used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the devices, the recording performance of biosignals and the stability of the neural interfaces, respectively. These optimization methods can effectively improve the long-term stability and the chronic inflammatory response of neural interfaces during the recording and modulation of biosignals.

植入式神经电极可以单神经元的高空间分辨率和亚毫秒级的高时间分辨率来记录和调节神经活动，这是神经科学研究中最广泛的窗口。然而，常规硬质电极和软神经组织之间的机械失配会导致炎症反应和慢性记录中信号的降解。尽管在神经信号的感测和调节方面取得了重大突破，但是神经电极-组织界面的长期稳定性和慢性炎症反应仍需要进一步发展。在这篇综述中，我们关注于优化神经电极-组织界面的最新进展，包括电极材料（基于石墨烯纤维和CNT纤维的电极），电极结构（柔性电极），纳米涂层和基于水凝胶的神经界面。阻抗，电荷注入极限，信噪比和神经元丢失区的参数分别用于评估设备的电化学性能，生物信号的记录性能和神经接口的稳定性。这些优化方法可以有效地改善生物信号的记录和调制过程中神经接口的长期稳定性和慢性炎症反应。