Abstract Setting aside small remnant patches of high biodiversity forest within managed forest landscapes is often used as conservation measure to provide a refuge and future source population of forest biodiversity, including wood-inhabiting fungal communities. Yet little is known about the long-term fungal community assembly, how these small, isolated patches change through time and how forest management in the surrounding landscape impacts traits and community functionality housed within. We applied a joint species distribution model to compare how fungal traits and communities changed over two survey periods undertaken ~20 years apart in boreal forest set-aside and natural patches. Natural patches in naturally fragmented landscapes were considered reference forests for small, remnant, near-natural forest patches in intensively managed forest landscapes. We found the majority of fungal traits converged over time between set-aside and natural patches, without changes in overall species richness. Red-listed species occurrence was initially lower in set-aside patches, but reached a comparable level of natural patches over time as a result of opposing changes in both patch types. Functional trait changes were larger in set-aside patches, but convergence was also related to opposing changes in natural patches. This is the first study to directly measure and test wood fungal community trait-environment relationships over time in small, high-conservation value forest patches. The long-term functional trait and red-listed species values of set-asides, coupled with their capacity for old-growth recovery, make them valuable focal areas for conservation.

中文翻译：

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真菌性状在自然和林业破碎斑块中随时间的收敛

摘要 在管理的森林景观中留出一小块高生物多样性森林的残余斑块，通常被用作保护措施，以提供森林生物多样性的避难所和未来的来源种群，包括木材栖息的真菌群落。然而，人们对长期的真菌群落组装、这些孤立的小斑块如何随时间变化以及周围景观中的森林管理如何影响其中的特征和群落功能知之甚少。我们应用了一个联合物种分布模型来比较在两个间隔约 20 年的北方森林预留和自然斑块中进行的两个调查期间真菌性状和群落的变化。自然破碎景观中的自然斑块被认为是小型、残余、集约化管理的森林景观中的近天然森林斑块。我们发现大多数真菌特征随着时间的推移在预留斑块和自然斑块之间收敛，而整体物种丰富度没有变化。红色名录物种在预留斑块中的出现率最初较低，但由于两种斑块类型的相反变化，随着时间的推移达到了与天然斑块相当的水平。预留斑块中的功能特征变化较大，但收敛也与自然斑块中的相反变化有关。这是第一项在小型、高保护价值的森林斑块中直接测量和测试木真菌群落特征-环境关系随时间变化的研究。留存的长期功能性状和红色名录物种价值，加上它们的旧生长恢复能力，