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Turbulent Flow in Plant Canopies: Historical Perspective and Overview
Boundary-Layer Meteorology ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 , DOI: 10.1007/s10546-020-00560-7
Yves Brunet

Studying the microclimate of plant canopies has long motivated scientists in various research fields such as agronomy, ecology or silviculture, and almost a century has passed since the first measurements of wind speed in a forest stand were published in the scientific literature. The behaviour of wind in canopies is an essential component of their microclimate, which largely conditions the rate of exchange of heat, water vapour, and other gases and particles of interest with the atmosphere. This review examines the evolution of our understanding of turbulent flow in plant canopies, focussing on the period that covers the last fifty years (1970–2020). We first describe how our knowledge and ideas have evolved since canopy flow became a topic of interest, and show how the 1970s was a pivotal decade in this field. Until then, canopy turbulence was considered to result from the superposition of standard surface-layer turbulence and small-scale turbulence generated in the wakes of plant elements. However, it was progressively found that the flow in plant canopies is dominated by large coherent structures, giving canopy turbulence unique characteristics. We thus describe the particular nature and structure of canopy flows, based on experimental observations accumulated over several decades. We show how canopy turbulence was reconsidered on the basis of a now widely-accepted analogy with a plane mixing layer, and we examine the significance of a key parameter, the “canopy-shear length scale”. Investigating the effects of canopy density and atmospheric stability, we then discuss the extent of the mixing-layer analogy and the limits of our current understanding of canopy turbulence. Finally, we review the modelling tools used in this field and show how their development has evolved to date to meet our needs. In conclusion, we present a historical summary of the evolution of this research field and suggest future directions.

中文翻译:

植物冠层中的湍流:历史观点和概述

长期以来,对植物冠层微气候的研究一直激励着农学、生态学或造林学等各个研究领域的科学家们,自从首次在科学文献中发表林分风速测量值以来,已经过去了将近一个世纪。檐篷中的风行为是其微气候的重要组成部分,这在很大程度上决定了热量、水蒸气以及其他气体和颗粒与大气的交换率。这篇综述考察了我们对植物冠层湍流理解的演变,重点关注过去五十年(1970-2020 年)的时期。我们首先描述了自冠层流成为一个有趣的话题以来我们的知识和想法是如何演变的,并展示 1970 年代是该领域的关键十年。直到那时,冠层湍流被认为是标准表层湍流和植物元素尾流产生的小尺度湍流叠加的结果。然而,逐渐发现植物冠层中的流动以大的连贯结构为主,赋予冠层湍流独特的特征。因此,我们根据数十年积累的实验观察结果描述了冠层流的特殊性质和结构。我们展示了如何根据现在广泛接受的与平面混合层的类比重新考虑冠层湍流,并检查关键参数“冠层剪切长度尺度”的重要性。调查冠层密度和大气稳定性的影响,然后我们讨论混合层类比的范围以及我们目前对冠层湍流的理解的局限性。最后,我们回顾了该领域中使用的建模工具,并展示了它们的发展迄今为止如何满足我们的需求。总之,我们对这个研究领域的演变进行了历史总结,并提出了未来的方向。
更新日期:2020-09-25
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