The maintenance of gestational well-being requires the proper development of both the embryo and the placenta. Placental trophoblast cells are the major building blocks of the developing placenta. Abnormal trophoblast differentiation underpins placental-based pregnancy complications. However, the mechanisms that govern trophoblast differentiation remain largely unclear. Recent studies shed light on several proteins and regulators that are involved in governing trophoblast differentiation. The advancement of new tools and novel technologies, such as the human trophoblast stem cell culture system, 3D placental organoids and single-cell multi-omics, has brought incredible insights to the field. Here we review the current literature, paying particular attention to articles published between 2017 and 2019 that have promoted our understanding of human trophoblast cell differentiation and its roles in pregnancy and its complications. At the same time, we address challenges and questions arising in the field of human placental development and disease.

中文翻译：

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人类胎盘破译滋养细胞分化的研究进展。

维持妊娠状态需要胚胎和胎盘的适当发育。胎盘滋养细胞是发育中的胎盘的主要组成部分。滋养细胞异常分化是胎盘妊娠的基础。但是，控制滋养细胞分化的机制仍不清楚。最近的研究揭示了与调控滋养细胞分化有关的几种蛋白质和调节剂。人类滋养细胞干细胞培养系统，3D胎盘类器官和单细胞多组学等新工具和新技术的发展为该领域带来了令人难以置信的见解。在这里，我们回顾当前的文献，特别注意2017年至2019年之间发表的文章，这些文章增进了我们对人类滋养层细胞分化及其在妊娠及其并发症中的作用的了解。同时，我们解决了人类胎盘发育和疾病领域中出现的挑战和问题。