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A robust test for X-chromosome genetic association accounting for X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting.
Genetics Research ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-01 , DOI: 10.1017/s0016672320000026
Yu Zhang 1 , Si-Qi Xu 1, 2 , Wei Liu 1 , Wing Kam Fung 2 , Ji-Yuan Zhou 1
Affiliation  

The X chromosome is known to play an important role in many sex-specific diseases. However, only a few single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the X chromosome have been found to be associated with diseases. Compared to the autosomes, conducting association tests on the X chromosome is more intractable due to the difference in the number of X chromosomes between females and males. On the other hand, X-chromosome inactivation takes place in female mammals, which is a phenomenon in which the expression of one copy of two X chromosomes in females is silenced in order to achieve the same gene expression level as that in males. In addition, imprinting effects may be related to certain diseases. Currently, there are some existing approaches taking X-chromosome inactivation into account when testing for associations on the X chromosome. However, none of them allows for imprinting effects. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a robust test, ZXCII, which accounts for both X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting effects without requiring specifying the genetic models in advance. Simulation studies are conducted in order to investigate the validity and performance of ZXCII under various scenarios of different parameter values. The simulation results show that ZXCII controls the type I error rate well when there is no association. Furthermore, with regards to power, ZXCII is robust in all of the situations considered and generally outperforms most of the existing methods in the presence of imprinting effects, especially under complete imprinting effects.

中文翻译:

X染色体遗传关联的可靠测试,用于解释X染色体失活和印迹。

众所周知,X染色体在许多性别特定疾病中起着重要作用。但是,仅发现X染色体上的少数单核苷酸多态性与疾病有关。与常染色体相比,由于雌雄之间X染色体数目的差异,在X染色体上进行关联测试更加困难。另一方面,X染色体失活发生在雌性哺乳动物中,这是为了使雌性获得与雄性相同的基因表达水平而沉默雌性两个X染色体的一个拷贝的表达的现象。另外,印记效应可能与某些疾病有关。当前,有一些现有方法在测试X染色体上的关联时考虑X染色体失活。然而,它们都不能产生压印效果。因此,在本文中,我们提出了一种健壮的测试ZXCII,该测试可以解决X染色体失活和印迹效应,而无需事先指定遗传模型。为了研究ZXCII在不同参数值的各种情况下的有效性和性能,进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,当没有关联时,ZXCII可以很好地控制I型错误率。此外,在功耗方面,ZXCII在所有考虑的情况下都非常强大,在存在压印效果的情况下,尤其是在完全压印效果下,其性能通常优于大多数现有方法。无需预先指定遗传模型即可说明X染色体失活和印迹效应。为了研究ZXCII在不同参数值的各种情况下的有效性和性能,进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,当没有关联时,ZXCII可以很好地控制I型错误率。此外,在功耗方面,ZXCII在所有考虑的情况下都非常强大,在存在压印效果的情况下,尤其是在完全压印效果下,其性能通常优于大多数现有方法。无需预先指定遗传模型即可说明X染色体失活和印迹效应。为了研究ZXCII在不同参数值的各种情况下的有效性和性能,进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,当没有关联时,ZXCII可以很好地控制I型错误率。此外,在功耗方面,ZXCII在所有考虑的情况下都非常强大,在存在压印效果的情况下,尤其是在完全压印效果下,其性能通常优于大多数现有方法。仿真结果表明,当没有关联时,ZXCII可以很好地控制I型错误率。此外,在功耗方面,ZXCII在所有考虑的情况下都非常强大,在存在压印效果的情况下,尤其是在完全压印效果下,其性能通常优于大多数现有方法。仿真结果表明,当没有关联时,ZXCII可以很好地控制I型错误率。此外,在功耗方面,ZXCII在所有考虑的情况下都非常强大,在存在压印效果的情况下,尤其是在完全压印效果下,其性能通常优于大多数现有方法。
更新日期:2020-04-01
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