Abstract. Management of agricultural landscapes can influence the biodiversity and the ecological services provided by these ecosystems, such as natural biological pest control. Viticulture is a very important economic activity in most countries with Mediterranean climate, often shaping their landscapes and culture. Grape production is affected by a number of pests and diseases, and farmers use prophylactic and response-driven pesticides to control these pests. Here we quantified the main biotic causes of crop losses in four grape castes, two red (Touriga Nacional and Baga) and two white (Arinto and Chardonnay), and evaluated the potential effect of native biodiversity to provide biotic resistance to pest outbreaks and grape losses. Specifically, the diversity and abundance of bird and insect communities in these vineyards were quantified and divided into functional guilds (pest, neutral or auxiliary), to test whether these natural communities hold the potential to naturally control grape pests (biotic resistance hypothesis) under normal vineyard management (including pesticide application regimes). A potential association between distance to the vineyard edge and grape losses was also evaluated. We recorded a very small proportion of grape losses (mean = 0.6 %; max = 7.5 %), with insect pests showing a preference for the castes Baga (red) and Chardonnay (white), while bird pests avoided the caste Arinto (white). Grape color did not influence losses caused by insect pests, but birds showed a preference for red castes. The caste Baga was also more vulnerable to losses caused by fungi. Despite their low impact on grape production, most insects and birds detected in the six vineyards were pests, which entails a potentially low level of biotic resistance in this highly managed agricultural ecosystem. Further research is necessary to fully evaluate the role of functional biodiversity in vineyards, particularly if alternative production processes, such as organic farming, can increase the potential of native biodiversity to protect against grape losses from pests under lower regimes of chemical spraying.

中文翻译：

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本地生物多样性对四种种姓葡萄损失的影响：检验生物抗性假说

摘要。农业景观管理可以影响生物多样性和这些生态系统提供的生态服务，例如自然生物害虫防治。在大多数地中海气候国家，葡萄栽培是一项非常重要的经济活动，经常塑造他们的景观和文化。葡萄生产受到多种病虫害的影响，农民使用预防性和响应驱动的农药来控制这些害虫。在这里，我们量化了四种葡萄种姓（两种红色（Touriga Nacional 和 Baga）和两种白色（Arinto 和 Chardonnay））作物损失的主要生物原因，并评估了本地生物多样性对虫害爆发和葡萄损失提供生物抗性的潜在影响. 具体来说，量化这些葡萄园中鸟类和昆虫群落的多样性和丰度，并将其划分为功能性行会（害虫、中性或辅助），以测试这些自然群落在正常的葡萄园管理下是否具有自然控制葡萄害虫的潜力（生物抗性假设） （包括农药施用制度）。还评估了到葡萄园边缘的距离与葡萄损失之间的潜在关联。我们记录的葡萄损失比例非常小（平均值 = 0.6 %；最大值 = 7.5 %），害虫表现出偏好种姓巴加（红色）和霞多丽（白色），而鸟类害虫则避开种姓阿林托（白色） . 葡萄的颜色不会影响虫害造成的损失，但鸟类表现出对红色种姓的偏好。巴加种姓也更容易受到真菌造成的损失。尽管它们对葡萄生产的影响很小，但在六个葡萄园中发现的大多数昆虫和鸟类都是害虫，这意味着在这个高度管理的农业生态系统中生物抗性水平可能很低。需要进一步研究以全面评估功能性生物多样性在葡萄园中的作用，特别是如果有机农业等替代生产过程可以增加本地生物多样性的潜力，以防止在较低的化学喷洒制度下葡萄因害虫而损失。