Fire radiative energy density (FRED, Jm-2) integrated from fire radiative power density (FRPD, Wm-2) observations of landscape-level fires can present an undersampling problem when collected from fixed-wing aircraft. In the present study, the aircraft made multiple passes over the fire at ~3min intervals, thus failing to observe most of the FRPD emitted as the flame front spread. We integrated the sparse FRPD time series to obtain pixel-level FRED estimates, and subsequently applied ordinary kriging (OK) and Gaussian conditional simulation (GCS) to interpolate across data voids caused by the undersampling. We compared FRED interpolated via OK and GCS with FRED estimated independently from ground measurements of biomass consumed from five prescribed burns at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA. In four of five burns considered where undersampling prevailed, OK and GCS effectively interpolated FRED estimates across the data voids, improving the spatial distribution of FRED across the burning event and its overall mean. In a fifth burn, the burning characteristics were such that undersampling did not present a problem needing to be fixed. We also determined where burning and FRPD sampling characteristics merited applying OK and CGS only to the highest FRED estimates to interpolate more accurate FRED maps.

中文翻译：

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更正：使用普通克里金法和高斯条件模拟来插值空中火灾辐射能量密度估计

当从固定翼飞机收集时，从景观级火​​灾的火灾辐射功率密度（FRPD，Wm-2）观察中整合的火灾辐射能量密度（FRED，Jm-2）可能存在采样不足的问题。在本研究中，飞机以约 3 分钟的间隔多次经过火场，因此未能观察到随着火焰前沿蔓延而发射的大部分 FRPD。我们整合了稀疏 FRPD 时间序列以获得像素级 FRED 估计值，随后应用普通克里金法 (OK) 和高斯条件模拟 (GCS) 对欠采样引起的数据空白进行插值。我们将通过 OK 和 GCS 插值的 FRED 与独立于美国佛罗里达州埃格林空军基地五次规定燃烧消耗的生物量地面测量值估计的 FRED 进行了比较。在考虑的五个烧伤中的四个烧伤中，OK 和 GCS 有效地在数据空白中插入了 FRED 估计值，改善了整个燃烧事件中 FRED 的空间分布及其整体平均值。在第五次燃烧中，燃烧特性使得欠采样不存在需要修复的问题。我们还确定了哪些燃烧和 FRPD 采样特性值得仅将 OK 和 CGS 应用于最高 FRED 估计值，以插入更准确的 FRED 贴图。