Granulocytes are an essential part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Human neutrophil antigens (HNAs) are a family of epitopes that are located on glycoproteins that are mostly expressed on human granulocytes. Antibodies that recognize these epitopes have been associated with neutropenia, transfusion complications, haematopoietic stem cell transplant nonengraftment and renal transplant rejection. Currently, there are fourteen recognized HNA alleles across five antigen systems (HNA-1 through HNA-5), the molecular basis of which are located on the genes FCGR3B, CD177, SLC44A2, ITGAM and ITGAL, respectively. Elucidation of the associated genes has permitted the development of testing strategies for HNA typing and aided understanding of the associated epitopes. This review will outline the associated clinical conditions that require HNA investigation and how these are performed in specialized laboratories. Investigations provided are both reactive for patients with a variety of existing or suspected neutropenias and proactive in the testing of blood component donors in order to reduce the potential risk to patients who require transfusion.

中文翻译：

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人类中性粒细胞抗原：性质、临床意义和检测

粒细胞是先天免疫系统和适应性免疫系统的重要组成部分。人类中性粒细胞抗原 (HNA) 是位于糖蛋白上的表位家族，糖蛋白主要在人类粒细胞上表达。识别这些表位的抗体与中性粒细胞减少症、输血并发症、造血干细胞移植非移植和肾移植排斥有关。目前，在五个抗原系统（HNA-1 到 HNA-5）中有 14 个已识别的 HNA 等位基因，其分子基础分别位于基因 FCGR3B、CD177、SLC44A2、ITGAM 和 ITGAL 上。相关基因的阐明允许开发用于 HNA 分型的测试策略并有助于了解相关表位。本综述将概述需要 HNA 调查的相关临床状况以及如何在专业实验室进行这些研究。所提供的调查既对患有各种现有或疑似中性粒细胞减少症的患者具有反应性，又对血液成分捐献者的检测具有积极意义，以降低需要输血的患者的潜在风险。