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Dependence of spatial scale in landscape associations with cause‐specific predation of snowy plover nests
Ecosphere ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-24 , DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3257
Kristen S. Ellis 1 , Randy T. Larsen 2 , David N. Koons 3
Affiliation  

Understanding relationships between habitat and ecological processes often depends on the spatial scale at which the landscape is measured. A common objective in studies of avian nesting ecology is to link habitat characteristics with nest predation for generating potential conservation and management strategies aimed at increasing avian reproductive success. Yet scale dependence likely plays a considerable role in these assessments, particularly when multiple species of nest predators are present. We identified nest predators of snowy plovers, a ground‐nesting shorebird, and modeled predator‐specific hazard rates of nest mortality in relation to the landscape at multiple spatial scales (200 m, 500 m, 1 km, 2.5 km, and 5 km) and at the nest site. We used a Bayesian latent indicator approach for weighting the influence of habitat across spatial scales and to gain insight into the hierarchical nature of how specific predators responded to the landscape when preying upon plover nests. We did not identify a common spatial scale that best predicted nest predation by all predators, though our results indicated that unfragmented playa and marsh habitats at large spatial scales reduced nest predation by all nest predators. Land cover features including grass, shrubs, human development, and open water elicited variable responses depending on the predator group, and predator groups responded at different spatial scales. Further, the spatial configuration of nests (nest dispersion) influenced nest predation by common ravens Corvus corax and foxes (kit fox Vulpes macrotis and red fox Vulpes vulpes), suggesting that certain predators develop a search image for nests. Our results illustrate that clarifying complex relationships between nest predation and habitat characteristics requires the incorporation of predator identity and scale dependence. Thus, management and conservation plans aiming to increase avian productivity by altering or restoring habitats will likely benefit from consideration of predator‐specific patterns at multiple spatial scales.

中文翻译:

景观尺度中空间尺度的依赖性与白雪皑皑巢的特定成因捕食

了解栖息地与生态过程之间的关系通常取决于测量景观的空间尺度。鸟类筑巢生态学研究的一个共同目标是将栖息地特征与巢捕食联系起来,以产生旨在提高鸟类繁殖成功率的潜在保护和管理策略。然而,规模依赖性可能在这些评估中起着相当重要的作用,尤其是当存在多种巢状捕食者时。我们确定了白雪皑皑的巢穴掠食者,地面筑巢的水鸟,并在多个空间尺度(200 m,500 m,1 km,2.5 km和5 km)上模拟了特定于捕食者的巢穴死亡率与景观的关系然后在巢穴 我们使用贝叶斯潜在指标方法来加权栖息地在整个空间尺度上的影响,并洞察特定掠食者捕食pl巢时其对景观的反应的层级性质。尽管我们的结果表明,在大的空间尺度上无片段化的普拉亚和沼泽生境减少了所有巢穴捕食者的巢穴捕食,但我们并未找到能最好地预测所有巢穴捕食者的共同空间尺度。土地覆盖特征(包括草,灌木,人类发育和开阔水域)会根据捕食者群体而引起不同的响应,而捕食者群体在不同的空间尺度上会做出响应。此外,巢的空间配置(巢的分散)会影响普通乌鸦对巢的捕食 尽管我们的结果表明,在大的空间尺度上无片段化的普拉亚和沼泽生境减少了所有巢穴捕食者的巢穴捕食,但我们并未找到能最好地预测所有巢穴捕食者的共同空间尺度。土地覆盖特征(包括草,灌木,人类发育和开阔水域)会根据捕食者群体而引起不同的响应,而捕食者群体在不同的空间尺度上会做出响应。此外,巢的空间配置(巢的分散)会影响普通乌鸦对巢的捕食 尽管我们的结果表明,在大的空间尺度上无片段化的普拉亚和沼泽生境减少了所有巢穴捕食者的巢穴捕食,但我们并未找到能最好地预测所有巢穴捕食者的共同空间尺度。土地覆盖特征(包括草,灌木,人类发育和开阔水域)会根据捕食者群体而引起不同的响应,而捕食者群体在不同的空间尺度上会做出响应。此外,巢的空间配置(巢的分散)会影响普通乌鸦对巢的捕食 开放水域引起的反应取决于捕食者群体,而捕食者群体则在不同的空间尺度上做出响应。此外,巢的空间配置(巢的分散)会影响普通乌鸦对巢的捕食 开放水域引起的反应取决于捕食者群体,而捕食者群体则在不同的空间尺度上做出响应。此外,巢的空间配置(巢的分散)会影响普通乌鸦对巢的捕食科维斯·科里克斯和狐狸(盒狐赤兔耳袋狸属和红狐赤狐),这表明某些食肉动物开发用于巢搜索图像。我们的研究结果表明,要弄清巢穴捕食与栖息地特征之间的复杂关系,就需要纳入捕食者的身份和规模依赖性。因此,旨在通过改变或恢复生境来提高禽类生产力的管理和保护计划可能会受益于在多个空间尺度上考虑特定于捕食者的模式。
更新日期:2020-09-24
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