DNA nanostructures have shown excellent prospects in biomedical applications owing to their unique sequence programmability, function designability, and biocompatibility. As a type of unique DNA–inorganic hybrid nanostructures, DNA nanoflowers (DNFs) have attracted considerable attention in the past few years. Precise design of the DNA sequence enables the functions of DNFs to be customized. Specifically, DNFs exhibit high physiological stability and more diverse properties by virtue of the incorporation of inorganic materials, which in turn have been applied in an assortment of biomedical fields. In this review, the design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of programmable DNFs are discussed. First, the background of DNA‐based materials and the fundamentals of DNFs are briefly introduced. In the second part, two synthetic methods of DNFs are categorized as the rolling circle amplification and salt aging method, focusing on the formation mechanism of DNFs and differences between the synthetic methods. In the third part, the biomedical applications of DNFs functional materials are summarized, including biosensing, bioimaging, and therapeutics. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities of DNFs are discussed toward more widespread applications.

中文翻译：

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用于生物传感，生物成像和治疗学的可编程DNA纳米花。

DNA纳米结构因其独特的序列可编程性，功能设计性和生物相容性而在生物医学应用中显示出极好的前景。作为一种独特的DNA无机杂化纳米结构，DNA纳米花（DNF）在过去几年中引起了相当大的关注。DNA序列的精确设计可以定制DNF的功能。具体地，DNF由于掺入了无机材料而表现出高的生理稳定性和更多样化的特性，无机材料又被应用于各种生物医学领域。在这篇综述中，讨论了可编程DNF的设计，合成和生物医学应用。首先，简要介绍了基于DNA的材料的背景和DNF的基础。在第二部分中 DNFs的两种合成方法分为滚环扩增法和盐老化法，重点是DNFs的形成机理和合成方法之间的差异。第三部分概述了DNFs功能材料的生物医学应用，包括生物传感，生物影像学和治疗学。最后，讨论了DNF的挑战和未来的机会，以实现更广泛的应用。