The extensive use of petroleum-based synthetic and non-biodegradable materials for packaging applications has caused severe environmental damage. The rising demand for sustainable packaging materials has encouraged scientists to explore abundant unconventional materials. For instance, cellulose, extracted from lignocellulosic biomass, has gained attention owing to its ecological and biodegradable nature. This article reviews the extraction of cellulose nanoparticles from conventional and non-conventional lignocellulosic biomass, and the preparation of cellulosic nanocomposites for food packaging. Cellulosic nanocomposites exhibit exceptional mechanical, biodegradation, optical and barrier properties, which are attributed to the nanoscale structure and the high specific surface area, of 533 m² g⁻¹, of cellulose. The mechanical properties of composites improve with the content of cellulose nanoparticles, yet an excessive amount induces agglomeration and, in turn, poor mechanical properties. Addition of cellulose nanoparticles increases tensile properties by about 42%. Barrier properties of the composites are reinforced by cellulose nanoparticles; for instance, the water vapor permeability decreased by 28% in the presence of 5 wt% cellulose nanoparticles. Moreover, 1 wt% addition of filler decreased the oxygen transmission rate by 21%. We also discuss the eco-design process, designing principles and challenges.

石油基合成和不可生物降解材料在包装应用中的广泛使用已造成严重的环境破坏。对可持续包装材料的不断增长的需求鼓励了科学家探索大量非常规材料。例如，从木质纤维素生物质中提取的纤维素由于其生态和可生物降解的性质而受到关注。本文概述了从常规和非常规木质纤维素生物质中提取纤维素纳米颗粒的方法，以及用于食品包装的纤维素纳米复合材料的制备方法。纤维素纳米复合材料表现出卓越的机械，生物降解，光学和阻隔性能，这归因于533 m ²  g ^-1的纳米级结构和高比表面积，纤维素。复合材料的机械性能随纤维素纳米颗粒的含量而提高，但是过量会引起团聚，进而导致较差的机械性能。纤维素纳米颗粒的添加将拉伸性能提高约42％。纤维素纳米颗粒增强了复合材料的阻隔性能。例如，在5wt％的纤维素纳米颗粒的存在下，水蒸气渗透率降低了28％。此外，添加1wt％的填料使氧气透过率降低了21％。我们还将讨论生态设计过程，设计原则和挑战。