Grapes and berries are two types of widely consumed fruits characterized by a high content in different phytochemicals. However, their accurate dietary assessment is particularly arduous, because of the already wide recognized bias associated with self-reporting methods, combined with the large range of species and cultivars and the fact that these fruits are popularly consumed not only in fresh and frozen forms but also as processed and derived products, including dried and canned fruits, beverages, jams, and jellies. Reporting precise type and/or quantity of grape and berries in FFQ or diaries can obviously be affected by errors. Recently, biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) rose as a promising tool to provide accurate information indicating consumption of certain food items. Protocols for performing systematic reviews in this field, as well as for assessing the validity of candidate BFIs have been developed within the Food Biomarker Alliance (FoodBAll) Project. This paper aims to evaluate the putative BIFs for blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, blackcurrant, and grapes. Candidate BFIs for grapes were resveratrol metabolites and tartaric acid. The metabolites considered as putative BFI for berries consumption were mostly anthocyanins derivatives together with several metabolites of ellagitannins and some aroma compounds. However, identification of BFIs for single berry types encountered more difficulties. In the absence of highly specific metabolites reported to date, we suggested some multi-metabolite panels that may be further investigated as putative biomarkers for some berry fruits.

中文翻译：

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浆果和葡萄的食物摄入生物标志物。

葡萄和浆果是两种广泛食用的水果，其特征在于不同的植物化学物质含量高。但是，由于人们已经认识到与自我报告方法有关的偏见，加上种类繁多的品种和栽培品种，而且这些水果不仅以新鲜和冷冻的形式被广泛食用，而且它们的食用方式广泛，因此其准确的饮食评估尤其困难。也可作为加工和衍生产品，包括干燥和罐装水果，饮料，果酱和果冻。在FFQ或日记中报告准确的葡萄和浆果类型和/或数量显然会受到错误的影响。最近，食物摄入生物标志物（BFI）成为一种有前途的工具，可以提供指示某些食物消费的准确信息。在此领域进行系统审核的协议，在食品生物标志物联盟（FoodBAll）项目中已经开发出了BFI以及用于评估候选BFI的有效性。本文旨在评估蓝莓，草莓，覆盆子，黑莓，蔓越莓，黑加仑和葡萄的推定BIF。葡萄的BFI候选者是白藜芦醇代谢物和酒石酸。被认为是食用浆果的假定BFI的代谢物主要是花青素衍生物，以及几种鞣花单宁和某些香气化合物的代谢物。但是，鉴定单一浆果类型的BFI遇到了更多困难。在迄今为止尚未报道高度特异性代谢物的情况下，我们提出了一些多代谢物检测方法，可以作为某些浆果的假定生物标记物进行进一步研究。