Gravitational waves may be one of the few direct observables produced by ultralight bosons, conjectured dark matter candidates that could be the key to several problems in particle theory, high-energy physics and cosmology. These axion-like particles could spontaneously form “clouds’’ around astrophysical black holes, leading to potent emission of continuous gravitational waves that could be detected by instruments on the ground and in space. Although this scenario has been thoroughly studied, it has not been yet appreciated that both types of detector may be used in tandem (a practice known as”multibanding’’). In this paper, we show that future gravitational-wave detectors on the ground and in space will be able to work together to detect ultralight bosons with masses $\muLow \lesssim \mu/\left(10^{-15}\, eV\right)\lesssim \muHigh$. In detecting binary-black-hole inspirals, the LISA space mission will provide crucial information enabling future ground-based detectors, like Cosmic Explorer or Einstein Telescope, to search for signals from boson clouds around the individual black holes in the observed binaries. We lay out the detection strategy and, focusing on scalar bosons, chart the suitable parameter space. We study the impact of ignorance about the system’s history, including cloud age and black hole spin. We also consider the tidal resonances that may destroy the boson cloud before its gravitational signal becomes detectable by a ground-based followup. Finally, we show how to take all of these factors into account, together with uncertainties in the LISA measurement, to obtain boson mass constraints from the ground-based observation facilitated by LISA.

中文翻译：

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多波段引力波搜索超轻玻色子

引力波可能是超轻玻色子，推测的暗物质候选物产生的少数直接可观测物之一，这可能是粒子论，高能物理和宇宙学中若干问题的关键。这些类似轴突的粒子可以在天体黑洞周围自发地形成“云”，导致连续引力波的有效发射，可以用地面和太空中的仪器检测到它们。尽管已经对这种情况进行了深入研究，但尚未意识到可以同时使用两种类型的检测器（一种称为“多频带”的做法）。在本文中，我们表明，未来地面和太空中的重力波探测器将能够共同探测质量超轻的玻色子$ \ muLow \ lesssim \ mu / \ left（10 ^ {-15} \，eV \ right）\ lesssim \ muHigh $。LISA太空任务在探测二进制黑洞吸积时，将提供关键信息，使未来的地面探测器（例如Cosmic Explorer或Einstein Telescope）能够从观测到的二进制中各个黑洞周围的玻色子云中搜索信号。我们制定了检测策略，并针对标量玻色子，绘制了合适的参数空间。我们研究了无知对系统历史的影响，包括云龄和黑洞旋转。我们还考虑了可能会在玻色子云的重力信号被地面跟踪发现之前破坏的潮汐共振。最后，我们展示了如何考虑所有这些因素以及LISA测量中的不确定性，以从LISA促进的地面观测中获得玻色子质量约束。